基于光纤传感网络的飞行器结构变形监测一直是航空航天领域的研究热点。经过近30年来的研究发展，国内外研究人员在相关理论和方法、技术与系统和试验测试方面已经取得了较大进展，推动了光纤传感技术从实验室研究向工程应用的演进。但是，目前在实际应用中仍然存在若干问题，限制了该技术的应用发展，亟待探讨解决方法。为此，梳理了飞行器结构变形监测的研究发展历程，分析了光纤传感监测的主要技术类型、技术优缺点、机载适用性、变形重构算法和典型应用案例，指出了当前需要研究解决的关键问题和工程应用的主要演进范式，并结合新材料、标准化和智能化等内容探讨了未来发展方向。

Structural deformation monitoring of flight vehicles based on optical fiber sensing (OFS) technology has been a focus of research in the field of aerospace. After nearly 30 years of research and development, Chinese and international researchers have made significant advances in the areas of theory and methods, technology and systems, and ground experiments and flight tests. These advances have led to the development of OFS technology from the laboratory research stage to the engineering application stage. However, a few problems encountered in practical applications limit the wider application and further development of this technology, and thus urgently require solutions. This paper reviews the history of research on the deformation monitoring of flight vehicles. It examines various aspects of OFS-based deformation monitoring including the main varieties of OFS technology, technical advantages and disadvantages, suitability in aerospace applications, deformation reconstruction algorithms, and typical applications. This paper points out the key unresolved problems and the main evolution paradigms of engineering applications. It further discusses future development directions from the perspectives of an evolution paradigm, standardization, new materials, intelligentization, and collaboration.