新安江多尺度嵌套水文循环实验流域——科学目标和总体设计
张珂 , 李运平 , 余钟波 , 杨涛 , 徐俊增 , 晁丽君 , 倪晋 , 王流通 , 高云 , 胡余忠 , 林祚顶
工程(英文) ›› 2022, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (11) : 207 -217.
新安江多尺度嵌套水文循环实验流域——科学目标和总体设计
Xin’anjiang Nested Experimental Watershed (XAJ-NEW) for Understanding Multiscale Water Cycle: Scientific Objectives and Experimental Design
本文介绍了于2017 年在中国东部建立的新安江多尺度嵌套水文循环实验流域(XAJ-NEW)的研究背景、科学目标、实验设计和初步成果。该实验流域地处亚热带湿润季风气候区域,流域总面积为2674 km2。XAJ-NEW旨在在典型湿润山丘区构建一个多尺度嵌套水文气象综合观测实验系统,强化对水循环的精
细监测,探索水文过程时空尺度效应,揭示径流产生和分配机制。经过两年的观测运行,初步结果表明,包括降水、径流、地下水、土壤水在内的关键水文气象过程和要素的时空变率与尺度密切相关,并对冠层截留和地表地下径流组分的分配过程进行定量观测。对XAJ-NEW的持续监测可以进一步揭示产流和径流分配机制,揭示水文过程的时空尺度效应,理解气候变化对水文过程的影响。以上成果可以为理解多尺度水文过程及该过程对气候要素的响应、完善模型参数化方案、增强气候预测提供新的见解。
This paper presents the background, scientific objectives, experimental design, and preliminary achievements of the Xin'anjiang nested experimental watershed (XAJ-NEW), implemented in 2017 in eastern China, which has a subtropical humid monsoon climate and a total area of 2674 km2. The scientific objectives of the XAJ-NEW include building a comprehensive, multiscale, and nested hydrometeorological monitoring and experimental program, strengthening the observation of the water cycle, discovering the spatiotemporal scaling effects of hydrological processes, and revealing the mechanisms controlling runoff generation and partitioning in a typical humid, hilly area. After two years of operation, preliminary results indicated scale-dependent variability in key hydrometeorological processes and variables such as precipitation, runoff, groundwater, and soil moisture. The effects of canopy interception and runoff partitioning between the surface and subsurface were also identified. Continuous operation of this program can further reveal the mechanisms controlling runoff generation and partitioning, discover the spatiotemporal scaling effects of hydrological processes, and understand the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes. These findings provide new insights into understanding multiscale hydrological processes and their responses to meteorological forcings, improving model parameterization schemes, and enhancing weather and climate forecast skills.
| Gauging station type | Main features | Density of instruments (set·km-2) |
|---|---|---|
| Rainfall gauging station | Each station has one tipping bucket rain gauge that records rainfall every 5 min. | 0.0075 |
| Comprehensive gauging station | Each station has one tipping bucket rain gauge, four soil moisture sensors, and one groundwater (pressure water) level meter to measure rainfall, volumetric soil water content at depths of 10, 30, 40, and 60 cm, and groundwater level, respectively. Data are recorded every 5 min. | 0.0037 |
| Hydrological station | Each station has one flow level meter to measure water level and determine the corresponding flow discharge. Tunxi station has one evaporation pan to measure pan evaporation. | 0.0011 |
| Instruments | Main features | Density of instruments (set·km-2) |
|---|---|---|
| Integrated rainfall and soil station [Fig. 2(a)] | Each station has one tipping bucket rain gauge and four soil moisture sensors to measure rainfall and soil moisture at depths of 10, 30, 40, and 60 cm every 5 min. | 20.69 |
| Groundwater level station [Fig. 2(b)] | Each station has one water level meter equipped with a data logger and solar panels to record groundwater depth every 5 min. | 25.86 |
| Flow weir [Fig. 2(c)] | It is implemented in the rivulet channel and equipped with a laser level meter to automatically measure water level every 5 min. | 6.90 |
| Array soil moisture gauging network [Fig. 2(d)] | There is an array of soil moisture stations in both 1st-tier Watersheds I and II. 1st-tier Watershed I and II have 30 and 10 four-layer moisture-monitoring sites, respectively. Four sensors are inserted into the soil at the depths of 10, 30, 40, and 60 cm at each location. The data are recorded every 5 min. | 1052.63 |
| Rainfall gauging array [Fig. 2(e)] | It measures rainfall interception by plant canopies with different densities. It comprises ten tipping bucket rain gauges evenly distributed within an area of 40 m2. The data are recorded every 5 min. | 1.72 |
| Runoff components gauging system [Fig. 2(f)] | A gauging system measures the runoff components in both 1st-tier Watersheds I and II. Each gauging station is equipped with 4 water weirs and 5 laser water level meters and measures surface runoff and interflows within three layers, i.e., 0‒1, 1‒2, and 2‒3 m, every 5 min. | 52.63 |
| Evaporation pan [Fig. 2(g)] | One evaporation pan observes the pan evaporation every 10 min. | 1.72 |
| Meteorological station [Fig. 2(h)] | One meteorological station observes multiple meteorological elements every 10 min, including air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, total radiation, soil moisture, and soil temperature. | 1.72 |
| Lysimeter [Fig. 2(i)] | Two lysimeters measure soil evaporation, soil heat flux, soil moisture, soil temperature, electrical conductivity, and soil water potential at the depths of 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, and 180 cm. Data are recorded every 10 min. | 1.72 |
| Flux tower [Fig. 2(j)] | The flux tower measures three-dimensional wind speeds and directions, water vapor, carbon dioxide, air temperature, light quantum at the height of 30 m, and soil heat flux at depths of 5, 10, and 15 cm. Gradient flux observation includes air temperature, relative humidity, and two-dimensional wind speed and direction at 25, 20, 15, 13, and 5 m. Other measured variables include four radiation components at 13 m, soil heat flux at a depth of 10 cm, and soil moisture at depths of 10, 40, and 100 cm. | 1.72 |
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