PDF(8613 KB)
地震波荷载作用下类岩石试样波形传播和裂纹扩展数值模拟研究
Xiaoping Zhang, Qi Zhang, Quansheng Liu, Ruihua Xiao
工程（英文） ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (10) : 140-150.
PDF(8613 KB)
PDF(8613 KB)
地震波荷载作用下类岩石试样波形传播和裂纹扩展数值模拟研究
A Numerical Study of Wave Propagation and Cracking Processes in Rock-Like Material under Seismic Loading Based on the Bonded-Particle Model Approach
地震之后伴随的余震在地震诱发滑坡灾害中起着重要作用。主震中已对岩体造成了不同程度的损伤，这使得余震过程中岩体裂纹进一步发展和相互交互贯通过程更复杂。为了探究地震波荷载对类岩石试样破裂失稳过程的影响，通过采用基于颗粒元黏结模型（bonded-particle model, BPM）的数值方法，研究了在两个正交方向上循环地震波加载作用下的波传播规律和裂纹扩展过程。结果表明，由于计算试样尺寸（76 mm × 152 mm）远小于地震波纵波波长，试样内未观察到波的透射和反射现象；加载产生的裂纹均为微张拉裂纹，重复轴向地震波加载不能使微张拉裂纹进一步扩展；只有当加载方向由轴向变为侧向，再由侧向变为轴向时，裂纹才会进一步扩展并最终导致试样破坏。本文揭示了在地震波反射作用及余震作用下，大量滑坡灾害发生的内在机理。
An earthquake is usually followed by a considerable number of aftershocks that play a significant role in earthquake-induced landslides. During the aftershock, the cracking process in rocks becomes more complex because of the formation of faults. In order to investigate the effects of seismic loading on the cracking processes in a specimen containing a single flaw, a numerical approach based on the bonded-particle model (BPM) was adopted to study the seismic loading applied in two orthogonal directions. The results reveal that no transmission and reflection phenomena were observable in the small specimens (76 mm × 152 mm) because they were considerably smaller than the wavelength of the P-wave. Furthermore, under seismic loading, the induced crack was solely tensile in nature. Repeated axial seismic loading did not induce crack propagation after the first axial seismic loading. Cracks began to propagate only when the seismic loading direction was changed from axial to lateral, and then back to axial, ultimately resulting in the failure of the specimen.
Seismic wave / Cyclic loading / Cracking processes / Bonded-particle model
| [1] |
Doi I, Kamai T, Azuma R, Wang G. A landslide induced by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake adjacent to tectonic displacement—generation mechanism and long-term monitoring. Eng Geol 2019;248:80–8.
|
| [2] |
Zhang W, Xiao D. Numerical analysis of the effect of strength parameters on the large-deformation flow process of earthquake-induced landslides. Eng Geol 2019;260:105239.
|
| [3] |
Huang R, Zhao J, Ju N, Li G, Lee ML, Li Y. Analysis of an anti-dip landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Nat Hazards 2013;68 (2):1021–39.
|
| [4] |
Che A, Yang H, Wang B, Ge X. Wave propagations through jointed rock masses and their effects on the stability of slopes. Eng Geol 2016;201:45–56.
|
| [5] |
Xing A, Wang G, Yin Y, Tang C, Xu Z, Li W. Investigation and dynamic analysis of a catastrophic rock avalanche on September 23, 1991, Zhaotong, China. Landslides 2016;13(5):1035–47.
|
| [6] |
Huang R, Pei X, Fan X, Zhang W, Li S, Li B. The characteristics and failure mechanism of the largest landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, May 12, 2008, China. Landslides 2012;9(1):131–42.
|
| [7] |
Dai F, Xu C, Yao X, Xu L, Tu X, Gong Q. Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China. J Asian Earth Sci 2011;40(4):883–95.
|
| [8] |
Guzzetti F, Mondini AC, Cardinali M, Fiorucci F, Santangelo M, Chang KT. Landslide inventory maps: new tools for an old problem. Earth Sci Rev 2012;112(1–2):42–66.
|
| [9] |
Harp EL, Keefer DK, Sato HP, Yagi H. Landslide inventories: the essential part of seismic landslide hazard analyses. Eng Geol 2011;122(1–2):9–21.
|
| [10] |
Keefer DK. Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes—a historical review. Surv Geophys 2002;23(6):473–510.
|
| [11] |
Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. 3rd ed. New York City: John Wiley & Sons; 1996.
|
| [12] |
Das S. Application of dynamic shear crack models to the study of the earthquake faulting process. Int J Fract 1985;27(3–4):263–76.
|
| [13] |
Dalguer LA, Irikura K, Riera JD. Simulation of tensile crack generation by threedimensional dynamic shear rupture propagation during an earthquake. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 2003;108(B3):2144.
|
| [14] |
Kemeny J. The time-dependent reduction of sliding cohesion due to rock bridges along discontinuities: a fracture mechanics approach. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2003;36(1):27–38.
|
| [15] |
Yang SQ, Huang YH, Tian WL, Zhu JB. An experimental investigation on strength, deformation and crack evolution behavior of sandstone containing two oval flaws under uniaxial compression. Eng Geol 2017;217:35–48.
|
| [16] |
de Joussineau G, Mutlu O, Aydin A, Pollard DD. Characterization of strike-slip fault—splay relationships in sandstone. J Struct Geol 2007;29 (11):1831–42.
|
| [17] |
He SM, Wu Y, Li XP. Failure mechanism of dangerous rock under seismic tension-shear action. Eng Mech 2012;29(4):178–84. Chinese.
|
| [18] |
Hayakawa YS, Matsukura Y. Stability analysis of waterfall cliff face at Niagara Falls: an implication to erosional mechanism of waterfall. Eng Geol 2010;116 (1–2):178–83.
|
| [19] |
Wang W, Yuan W, Wang Q, Xue K. Earthquake-induced collapse mechanism of two types of dangerous rock masses. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 2016;15 (2):379–86.
|
| [20] |
Goebel THW, Rosson Z, Brodsky EE, Walter JJ. Aftershock deficiency of induced earthquake sequences during rapid mitigation efforts in Oklahoma. Earth Planet Sci Lett 2019;522:135–43.
|
| [21] |
Lin GW, Hung C, Syu HS. Evaluation of an enhanced FS method for finding the initiation time of earthquake-induced landslides. Bull Eng Geol Environ 2019;78:497–506.
|
| [22] |
Nabipour A. Experimental and numerical study of ultrasonic monitoring of hydraulic fracture propagation [dissertation]. Perth: Curtin University; 2013.
|
| [23] |
Potyondy DO, Cundall PA. A bonded-particle model for rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2004;41(8):1329–64.
|
| [24] |
Hazzard JF, Young RP. Numerical investigation of induced cracking and seismic velocity changes in brittle rock. Geophys Res Lett 2004;31(1):L01604.
|
| [25] |
Deng Q, Gong L, Zhang L, Yuan R, Xue Y, Geng X, et al. Simulating dynamic processes and hypermobility mechanisms of the Wenjiagou rock avalanche triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using discrete element modelling. Bull Eng Geol Environ 2017;76:923–36.
|
| [26] |
Liu M, Li H, Peng Z, Ouyang L, Ma Y, Ma J, et al. Spatial-temporal distribution of early aftershocks following the 2016 Ms 6.4 Menyuan, Qinghai, China Earthquake. Tectonophysics 2019;766:469–79.
|
| [27] |
Tang CL, Hu JC, Lin ML, Yuan RM, Cheng CC. The mechanism of the 1941 Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan: insight from a 2D discrete element simulation. Environ Earth Sci 2013;70:1005–19.
|
| [28] |
Tang CL, Hu JC, Lin ML, Angelier J, Lu CY, Chan YC, et al. The Tsaoling landslide triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: insights from a discrete element simulation. Eng Geol 2009;106(1–2):1–19.
|
| [29] |
Zamani N, El Shamy U. Analysis of wave propagation in dry granular soils using DEM simulations. Acta Geotech 2011;6(3):167–82.
|
| [30] |
Potyondy DO. A grain-based model for rock: approaching the true microstructure. In: Li CC, Grøneng G, Olsson R, Engen S, editors. Proceedings of Bergmekanikk i Norden 2010—Rock Mechanics in the Nordic Countries; 2010 Jun 9–12; Kongsberg, Norway. Kongsberg: Norwegian Group for Rock Mechanics; 2010. p. 225–34.
|
| [31] |
Zhang XP, Wong LNY. Cracking processes in rock-like material containing a single flaw under uniaxial compression: a numerical study based on parallel bonded-particle model approach. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2012;45:711–37.
|
| [32] |
Zhang Q, Zhang XP, Ji PQ, Zhang H, Tang X, Wu Z. Study of interaction mechanisms between multiple parallel weak planes and hydraulic fracture using the bonded-particle model based on moment tensors. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 2020;76:103176.
|
| [33] |
Zhang XP, Wong LNY. Choosing a proper loading rate for bonded-particle model of intact rock. Int J Fract 2014;189:163–79.
|
| [34] |
Zhang XP, Wong LNY. Loading rate effects on cracking behavior of flawcontained specimens under uniaxial compression. Int J Fract 2013;180:93–110.
|
| [35] |
Joyner WB, Chen ATF. Calculation of nonlinear ground response in earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 1975;65:1315–36.
|
| [36] |
Lysmer J, Kuhlemeyer RL. Finite dynamic model for infinite media. J Eng Mech Div 1969;95(4):859–77.
|
| [37] |
Jaeger JC, Cook NGW, Zimmerman R. Fundamentals of rock mechanics. 4th ed. Hoboken: Blackwell Pub; 2007.
|
| [38] |
PFC2D (Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions). Version 3.1. Minneapolis: Itasca Cons Group; 2004.
|
| [39] |
Wong LNY, Einstein HH. Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble: part 2—microscopic observations and interpretation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2009;42:513–45.
|
| [40] |
Wong LNY, Einstein HH. Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and carrara marble: part 1. macroscopic observations and interpretation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2009;42:475–511.
|
| [41] |
Zhang XP, Zhang Q, Wu SC. Acoustic emission characteristics of the rock-like material containing a single flaw under different compressive loading rates. Comput Geotech 2017;83:83–97.
|
| [42] |
Kaiser J. A study of acoustic phenomena in tensile test [dissertation]. Munich: Technical University of Munich; 1950.
|
| [43] |
Lavrov A, Vervoort A, Wevers M, Napier JAL. Experimental and numerical study of the Kaiser effect in cyclic Brazilian tests with disk rotation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2002;39(3):287–302.
|
| [44] |
Chen ZH, Tham LG, Xie H. Experimental and numerical study of the directional dependency of the Kaiser effect in granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2007;44 (7):1053–61.
|
| [45] |
Stuart CE, Meredith PG, Murrell SAF, van Munster JG. Anisotropic crack damage and stress-memory effects in rocks under triaxial loading. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 1993;30(7):937–41.
|
| [46] |
He S, Wu Y, Li X. Collapse mechanism of danger rock triggered by earthquake. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 2010;29(Supp 1):3359–63. Chinese.
|
| [47] |
Lu GS, Wang X, Chen XL. Study on tensile-shear failure of fractured rock mass under strong seismic load. Adv Mat Res 2011;243–249:2607–12.
|
| [48] |
Tang L, Zhao Z, Luo Z, Sun Y. What is the role of tensile cracks in cohesive slopes? J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 2019;11(2):314–24.
|
| [49] |
Ning Y, Zhang G, Tang H, Shen W, Shen P. Process analysis of toppling failure on anti-dip rock slopes under seismic load in southwest China. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2019;52:4439–55.
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
