尽管麻醉与意识之间的关系一直是研究者关注的重点，但目前学界对于麻醉与意识的神经机制理解仍处在初级阶段，极大地限制了麻醉监测和意识评估系统的进一步发展。此外，现有麻醉监测方法难以提供足够的有效信息，对精准麻醉监测的目标构成了障碍。近年来，使用脑网络分析揭示麻醉机制已成为研究热点，其目的是为临床应用提供新的研究思路。针对这一新的研究趋势，本文全面回顾了麻醉相关脑网络研究的最新进展，系统地比较了麻醉和意识的几种潜在的神经机制以及不同层面大脑神经活动的测量方法；从皮层碎片化理论出发，介绍了连通性和网络分析的一些重要的研究方法和相关成果；在总结归纳现有研究成果的基础上，论证了全脑多模态网络数据可以提供现有麻醉监测方法所无法提供的信息；更重要的是，进一步探讨简化脑网络分析方法的可行性，这一方法将会在优化现有的临床麻醉监测系统中发挥重要作用。

Although the relationship between anesthesia and consciousness has been investigated for decades, our understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms of anesthesia and consciousness remains rudimentary, which limits the development of systems for anesthesia monitoring and consciousness evaluation. Moreover, the current practices for anesthesia monitoring are mainly based on methods that do not provide adequate information and may present obstacles to the precise application of anesthesia. Most recently, there has been a growing trend to utilize brain network analysis to reveal the mechanisms of anesthesia, with the aim of providing novel insights to promote practical application. This review summarizes recent research on brain network studies of anesthesia, and compares the underlying neural mechanisms of consciousness and anesthesia along with the neural signs and measures of the distinct aspects of neural activity. Using the theory of cortical fragmentation as a starting point, we introduce important methods and research involving connectivity and network analysis. We demonstrate that whole-brain multimodal network data can provide important supplementary clinical information. More importantly, this review posits that brain network methods, if simplified, will likely play an important role in improving the current clinical anesthesia monitoring systems.