中国首个地基高分辨率傅里叶变换光谱观测站的大气成分长期观测研究
刘诚 , 孙友文 , 单唱功 , 王薇 , Justus Notholt , Mathias Palm , 殷昊 , 田园 , 高吉熹 , 毛慧琴
工程(英文) ›› 2023, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (3) : 201 -214.
中国首个地基高分辨率傅里叶变换光谱观测站的大气成分长期观测研究
Long-Term Observations of Atmospheric Constituents at the First Ground-Based High-Resolution Fourier-Transform Spectrometry Observation Station in China
长期观测主要大气成分的体积混合比(VMR)廓线和柱总量对掌握中国气候变化和碳收支具有重要意义。本文对我国首个全球碳总柱观测网(TCCON)高分辨率傅里叶变换光谱仪(FTS)地基观测站,即合肥观测站开展了系统性研究。该观测站可观测30多种大气成分的柱总量和VMR廓线。本文公布了2014年以来合肥观测站观测到的部分关键大气成分的时间序列,总结了迄今为止该站点取得的主要研究成果,包括光谱反演表征和归一化、关键大气成分的总体演变特征、排放估计、卫星和化学传输模式(CTM)校验以及对大气污染来源和传输的相关研究。同时,本文还对合肥观测站的观测、科学研究和未来研究计划进行了展望。中国明确提出2030年二氧化碳排放达到峰值,2060年实现碳中和。合肥观测站将为中国政府制定绿色经济政策、实现碳中和及《巴黎协定》目标提供科学支撑。
Long-term observations of the volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles and total columns of key atmospheric constituents are significant for understanding climate change and the impact of the carbon budget in China. This study provides an overview of the first ground-based high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometry (FTS) observation station in China, which is located in Hefei, Eastern China. The FTS observation station can observe the total columns and VMR profiles of more than 30 atmospheric constituents. Time series of some key atmospheric constituents observed at the Hefei station since 2014 have been released to the public. The major scientific achievements obtained to date at this station include spectral retrieval characterization and harmonization, investigation of the overall characteristics of key atmospheric constituents, emission estimates, satellite and chemical transport model (CTM) evaluations, and a summary of pollutant sources and transport patterns. An outlook is also presented of the envisaged plan for observations, scientific studies, and data usage at the Hefei station. China has explicitly proposed reaching a peak in its CO2 emissions by 2030 and realizing carbon neutrality by 2060. The Hefei station will provide scientific assistance to the Chinese Government for developing green economy policies and achieving carbon neutrality and the goals of the Paris Agreement.
| Focus area | Significance/effect | Key atmospheric constituents |
|---|---|---|
| Validation | Satellite or CTM | CO2, CH4, N2O, HF, CO, H2O, HCl, HDO, O3, NO2, HNO3, HCl, NO, C2H6, HCN, ClONO2, H2CO, C2H2, C2H4, SF6, CCl3F, CCl2F2, CHClF2, HCOOH, CH3OH, and NH3 |
| Global warming (radiative forcing) | Climate/environmental change | H2O, HDO, CO2, CH4, CH3D, N2O, SF6, O3, C2H6, CCl3F, CCl2F2, and CHClF2 |
| Ozone chemistry | Biological effects of ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) exposure | O3, ClO, HCl, ClONO2, COF2, NO, NO2, and HNO3 |
| Regional pollution | Human health | CO, C3H8, HCN, H2CO, COF2, and O3 |
| Photochemical smog | NO, HNO3, NO2, O3, C2H2, H2CO, C2H4, C2H6, PAN, and CO | |
| Acid rain | SO2, NH3, NO, HNO3, and NO2 | |
| Oxidation efficiency of atmosphere | HCOOH, CH3OH, CO, H2CO, CH4, NO, NO2, and O3 | |
| Source of aerosols and precursors | SO2, HNO3, CF4, NH3, and OCS (for stratospheric aerosols) |
| Authors | Key findings | Period | Theme | Waveband | Domain | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang et al. [62] | XCO | 2014.06‒2016.04 | CO2, CO | IR | Troposphere and stratosphere | Overall characteristics and satellite evaluation |
| Tian et al. [63] | Diurnal XCH | 2014.06‒2017.07 | CH4 | IR | Troposphere and stratosphere | Retrieval harmonization, satellite evaluation, and model evaluation |
| Sun et al. [75] | Attenuators cause negligible ILS drifts and can be used to adapt the received intensity of the detector. The usage of different sizes of field stop may cause dramatically ILS drifts due to inconsistent mechanical errors among the selected field stops | 2015 | ILS | IR & MIR | Troposphere and stratosphere | ILS characterization |
| Sun et al. [73] | Tropospheric gases are less sensitive to ILS drift than the stratospheric gases, and, for the same level of drift, the negative ILS influence is smaller than the positive ILS. To limit the difference in total column of ClONO2 within 10% and other gases within 1%, the upper limits of ILS for CH4, N2O, CO, HCN, C2H6, O3, ClONO2, HNO3, HF, and HCl are suggested | 2015.08‒2016.08 | CH4, N2O, CO, HCN, C2H6, O3, ClONO2, HNO3, HF, HCl | MIR | Troposphere and stratosphere | ILS characterization and retrieval harmonization |
| Sun et al. [66] | The effect of ILS drift on partial column is gas and altitude dependent. To suppress the influence on partial column within 2%, the upper limits of ILS for CH4, N2O, O3, and CO are suggested | 2015.08‒2016.08 | CH4, N2O, O3, CO | MIR | Troposphere and stratosphere | ILS characterization and retrieval harmonization |
| Sun et al. [8] | The level and variability of tropospheric O3 in spring and summer (March-April-May/June-July-August; MAM/JJA) are higher than those in autumn and winter (September-October-November/December-January-February; SON/DJF). Reductions in VOC and NOx could effectively mitigate O3 pollution in SON/DJF and MAM/JJA seasons, respectively | 2014.09‒2017.09 | O3 | MIR | Troposphere | Overall characteristics and source attribution |
| Shan et al. [76] | CO emissions over the megacity Hefei are calculated by utilizing the enhancement ΔCO/ΔCO2 ratios derived from the NIR measurements at the Hefei station. The discrepancy between the CO emissions inferred from emission inventories and those from the measurements is also investigated | 2015.09‒2017.08 | CO | IR | Troposphere | Emission estimates |
| Yin et al. [71] | Stratospheric NO2 column at the Hefei station shows a seasonal maximum in June and a minimum in January. GEOS-Chem model can simulate the burden, seasonal cycle, and interannual trend of stratospheric NO2 over the polluted eastern China | 2015.07‒2019.01 | NO2 | MIR | Stratosphere | Overall characteristics, satellite evaluation, and model evaluation |
| Hedelius et al. [77] | FTS measurements at the Hefei station can be used as one of the reference datasets for evaluation of measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) XCO version 7 retrievals | 2015.09‒2016.12 | CO | NIR | Troposphere and stratosphere | Satellite evaluation |
| Yin et al. [78] | HCl total column at the Hefei station shows a seasonal maximum in January and a minimum in September. GEOS-Chem model can simulate the burden, seasonal cycle, and interannual trend of stratospheric HCl over the polluted eastern China | 2015.07‒2019.04 | HCl | MIR | Troposphere and stratosphere | Overall characteristics and model evaluation |
| Oshio et al. [79] | FTS measurements at the Hefei station can be used as one of the reference datasets for bias correction of the CH4/CO2 total column ratio retrieved from GOSAT observations | 2015.09‒2016.12 | CO2, CH4, | NIR | Troposphere and stratosphere | Satellite evaluation |
| Sun et al. [10] | Tropospheric columns of HCN at the Hefei station show pronounce seasonal variations with three seasonal peaks in May, September, and December, respectively. Elevated BB emissions in Oceania dominated the HCN enhancements in the second half of 2015. Elevated BB emissions in SEAS dominated the HCN enhancements in the first half of 2016 | 2015‒2018 | HCN, CO | MIR | Troposphere | Overall characteristics, model evaluation, and source attribution |
| Shan et al. [80] | GEOS-Chem model can simulate the burden, seasonal cycle, and interannual trend of CO2 over the polluted eastern China | 2015.07‒2019.12 | CO2 | NIR | Troposphere | Overall characteristics and model evaluation |
| Sun et al. [13] | H2CO photolysis plays a significant role in OH generation over eastern China. The NMVOCs related summertime H2CO enhancements were largely caused by the NMVOCs emissions within eastern China. Due to the increase in photochemical H2CO resulting from the increases in both NMVOCs and CH4, H2CO from 2015 to 2019 showed an increasing trend | 2015‒2019 | H2CO | MIR | Troposphere and Stratosphere | Overall characteristics, model evaluation, and source attribution |
| Sun et al. [15] | The observed C2H6 variability at the Hefei station was mainly driven by the variation of C2H6 emissions within China. Decrease in C2H6 from 2015 to 2020 points to an improvement of air quality in China, which is due to the reduction in transported and local C2H6 emissions in recent years | 2015‒2020 | C2H6 | MIR | Troposphere | Overall characteristics, model evaluation, and source attribution |
| Yin et al. [67] | The XHF time series at the Hefei station reached a seasonal maximum in March and a minimum in September. HF columns showed a decreasing change rates of (‒0.38% ± 0.22%) a-1between 2015 and 2020 | 2015‒2020 | HF | MIR | Stratosphere | Overall characteristics and retrieval harmonization |
| Shan et al. [81] | The stratospheric HNO3 column at the Hefei station reached a seasonal maximum in March and a minimum in September, and showed a decreasing change rate of (‒9.45% ± 1.20%) a-1 between 2017 and 2019 | 2017‒2029 | HNO3 | MIR | Stratosphere | Overall characteristics and satellite evaluation |
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