二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存技术
Technical Perspective of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
人类活动造成的二氧化碳（CO2 ）排放是引起全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一。绝大部分二氧化碳 的排放来源于化石燃料燃烧，以及钢铁和水泥生产等工业过程。二氧化碳的排放会导致气候变化，而二 氧化碳捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）是一种可持续性技术，在减排方面具有前景。从这个角度而言，二氧化 碳捕集着重于化学吸收技术，主要原因在于其商业化潜力。本文对各种化学溶剂吸收二氧化碳的能力和 速率进行了总结。二氧化碳的利用重点在于电化学转化途径，即将二氧化碳转化为具有潜在价值的化学 品，这一途径已经备受关注。通过不同二氧化碳减排产品的法拉第转换效率，可对效率的改善情况进行 说明。为了成功应用二氧化碳封存技术，需要更好地了解流体力学、地质力学以及反应运移，本文将详细讨论这几点。
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities. The majority of CO2 emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels for energy, as well as industrial processes such as steel and cement production. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a sustainability technology promising in terms of reducing CO2 emissions that would otherwise contribute to climate change. From this perspective, the discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology, primarily due to its commercialization potential. The CO2 absorptive capacity and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized. The carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO2 into potentially valuable chemicals have received particular attention. The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO2 reduction products are used to describe efficiency improvements. For carbon storage, successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics, geomechanics, and reactive transport, which are discussed in details.
| Absorbents | Experimental apparatus | Absorptive capacity (mol CO2)·(kg solvent)-1 | Reaction conditions | Absorption rate ((mol CO2·(mol solute) -1·min) -1 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single amine | Rapid screening apparatus | 0.37~2.01 | • T = 40~80 °C • = 1.0~9.5 kPa | 0.006~0.037 | [13‒15] |
| Amine blends | Bubbling reactor | 1.35~1.77 | • T = 40 °C • = 12 kPa • 15%~25% MEA • + 5%~15% MDEA (AMP, DETA, AEEA) | 0.015~0.017 | [16‒17] |
| Biphasic solvents | Bubbling reactor | 1.25~2.15 | • T = 40 °C • = 2 L·min-1 | 0.005~0.026 | [18‒20] |
| Water lean solvents | Wetted-wall column | 0.66~1.05 | • T = 25~40°C • = (15.0 ± 0.5) kPa | 0.007~0.011 | [21‒23] |
| Ammonia solution | Stirred tank apparatus | 0.30~0.85 | • T = 20~60 °C • = 0.8~30 kPa | 0.004~0.011 | [24‒27] |
| Carbonate solution | Bubbling reactor | 0.27~0.30 | • T = 25 °C • = 15 kPa | 0.001~0.014 | [28‒29] |
| Ionic liquid | Bubbling reactor | 0.30~1.15 | • T = 22~40 °C • P = 1 bar • mILs = 1.0 g • = 60 mL·min-1 | 0.012~0.037 | [30‒31] |
| Amino acid salt | Bubbling reactor | 0.20~0.32 | • T = 40 °C • Linear, sterically hindered amino acids: 1 mol·L-1 | 0.024~0.043 | [32‒34] |
| Microencapsulation | Pressure drop apparatus | 0.55~1.78 | • T = 25~60 °C • NDIL0309, NDIL0230 | — | [35‒37] |
| Nanofluids | Bubbling reactor | 0.58~0.95 | • T = 40 °C • 0.05 wt%~0.1wt% TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2 | 0.004~0.013 | [7,38] |
| Products | Market size (Mt·a-1) | Market price (USD·t-1) | Level of development |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urea | ~180 | 300~450 | Commercialization |
| Methanol | ~65 | 380~500 | Commercialization |
| Polyurethane | ~18 | 1800~2250 | Commercialization |
| Polycarbonates | ~5 | 2900~4000 | Commercialization |
| Calcium carbonate | ~115 | 50~380 | Pilot and demonstration |
| Ethanol | ~80 | 450~580 | Pilot and demonstration |
| Sodium carbonate | ~62 | 50~390 | Pilot and demonstration |
| Formic acid | ~3 | 690~1000 | Pilot and demonstration |
| Magnesium carbonate | ~21 | 450~850 | Lab research |
| Acetic acid | ~16 | 450~750 | Lab research |
| Acrylic acid | ~6 | 1700~3000 | Lab research |
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