气候变化是21世纪人类和地球面临的最大环境威胁。全球人为温室气体排放是造成极端气候事件日益增多的主要原因之一。自前工业化阶段以来，二氧化碳（CO₂ ）累计排放量与累计温升呈线性关系，约占人为温室气体排放总量的80%。因此，准确可靠的碳排放数据是大多数减排政策制定和目标设定的基础 和科学依据。目前，中国已明确制定了2030年前碳排放达到峰值、2060年前实现碳中和的宏伟目标。为实现更准确的碳排放监测，从而保证减排政策的持续实施和迭代完善，急需开发一个细粒度时空碳排放 数据库。碳排放近实时监测不仅是国家重大需求，也是该学科前沿的科学问题。本文回顾了现有以年为基础的碳核算方法，重点介绍了最新开发的实时碳排放技术及其当前应用趋势。还提出一个可广泛使用 的最新近实时碳排放核算技术框架。相关数据和方法的开发将为中国碳中和战略的相关政策制定提供 强有力的数据支持。最后，本文对碳排放实时监测技术的未来发展进行了展望。

Climate change is the greatest environmental threat to humans and the planet in the 21st century. Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are one of the main causes of the increasing number of extreme climate events. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions showed a linear relationship with cumulative temperature rise since the pre-industrial stage, and this accounts for approximately 80% of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Therefore, accurate and reliable carbon emission data are the foundation and scientific basis for most emission reduction policymaking and target setting. Currently, China has made clear the ambitious goal of achieving the peak of carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. The development of a finer-grained spatiotemporal carbon emission database is urgently needed to achieve more accurate carbon emission monitoring for continuous implementation and the iterative improvement of emission reduction policies. Near-real-time carbon emission monitoring is not only a major national demand but also a scientific question at the frontier of this discipline. This article reviews existing annual-based carbon accounting methods, with a focus on the newly developed real-time carbon emission technology and its current application trends. We also present a framework for the latest near-real-time carbon emission accounting technology that can be widely used. The development of relevant data and methods will provide strong database support to the policymaking for China's ″carbon neutrality' strategy. Finally, this article provides an outlook on the future of real-time carbon emission monitoring technology.