面向工业化种植的光热管理农膜——机遇与挑战

张松 ,  陈长 ,  曹传祥 ,  崔苑苑 ,  高彦峰

工程（英文） ›› 2024, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (4) : 199 -208.

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工程（英文） ›› 2024, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (4) : 199 -208. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.06.016
研究论文

面向工业化种植的光热管理农膜——机遇与挑战

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Photothermal-Management Agricultural Films Toward Industrial Planting: Opportunities and Challenges

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摘要

农业覆盖膜作为温室和植物工厂不可或缺的组成部分，在调节小气候环境方面发挥着重要作用。聚乙烯覆盖膜可使全太阳光谱直接透过。然而，这种高的太阳光透过率可能不适合甚至有害于具有特定光热需求的作物。现代温室集成了农业覆盖材料、供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统以及智能灌溉和通信等技术，以最大限度地提高种植效率。本文深入探讨了作物的光热需求和满足这些需求的方法，包括基于被动辐射制冷和光散射的新材料，评估温室能源消耗和环境条件的模拟，以及识别关键生物生长因子从而优化温室覆盖膜的数据挖掘。最后，阐述了光热管理农用薄膜未来的挑战和方向，以弥合实验室研究和大规模实际应用之间的差距。

Abstract

As indispensable parts of greenhouses and plant factories, agricultural covering films play a prominent role in regulating microclimate environments. Polyethylene covering films directly transmit the full solar spectrum. However, this high level of sunlight transmission may be inappropriate or even harmful for crops with specific photothermal requirements. Modern greenhouses are integrated with agricultural covering materials, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and smart irrigation and communication technologies to maximize planting efficiency. This review provides insight into the photothermal requirements of crops and ways to meet these requirements, including new materials based on passive radiative cooling and light scattering, simulations to evaluate the energy consumption and environmental conditions in a greenhouse, and data mining to identify key biological growth factors and thereby improve new covering films. Finally, future challenges and directions for photothermal-management agricultural films are elaborated on to bridge the gap between lab-scale research and large-scale practical applications.

关键词

温室 / 光热管理 / 被动辐射制冷 / 光散射

Key words

Greenhouse / Photothermal management / Passive radiative cooling / Light scattering

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
张松,陈长,曹传祥,崔苑苑,高彦峰. 面向工业化种植的光热管理农膜——机遇与挑战[J]. 工程（英文）, 2024, 35(4): 199-208 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2023.06.016

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1 引言

最新的研究估计，到2050年，全球粮食产量必须增加约70%才能满足全球90亿人口的需求[1]。受控环境农业（CEA）已被公认为提高全球粮食生产的可靠战略[2]。温室和植物工厂是CEA系统的主要组成部分。在CEA系统中，可以通过加热、通风和空调（HVAC）系统来调节小气候[3]（即光照和温度）[图1（a）] [4]。另外，可以集成智能灌溉技术，以最大限度地提高灌溉效率并减少水资源浪费[图1（b）] [5]。通信技术也可用于优化暖通空调系统中的作物信息管理[图1（c）] [6]。然而，HVAC系统需要消耗巨大的能源，这可能占温室总运营成本的70%~85% [7]。与外部条件相比，温室中的光照强度不仅较低，而且在空间上也是不均匀的，尤其是对于阴暗条件下处于较低位置的叶片。“垂直农业”是指多层垂直堆叠种植作物的做法。垂直农业通常包括优化植物生长的CEA，以及水培和空中栽培等无土栽培技术。尽管垂直农业[图1（d）] [8]最大限度地利用了光，但仍需要大约30%的运营成本用于补充照明的电力[9]。

温室的历史可以追溯到公元14~37年[10]，如图2（a）所示。早期的温室覆层材料主要是玻璃，其特点是强度和透光率高，然而，玻璃的安装成本相对较高，其高导热性导致夜间保温效率较差。后来，聚乙烯（PE）被开发为温室的覆盖材料。中国的温室主要有三种类型：日光温室、连栋温室和塑料大棚[图2（b）~（d）] [11‒13]。中国温室的区域分布和发展趋势如图2（e）所示[14]。大多数温室都是用聚乙烯薄膜作为覆盖材料，因为聚乙烯具有耐腐蚀、耐用、柔软、轻质的优点。然而，聚乙烯分子中只有单一的C‒C和C‒H键，这会导致高的太阳光透过率，导致温室内的温度过高[15]。

被动辐射制冷材料在建筑的热管理领域引起了人们极大的兴趣，它是将阳光和热量通过大气的红外透射窗反射到较冷的外部空间，从而有效地调节室内热量。事实上，温室可以看作是农作物生活的建筑，当这些新型材料应用于温室时，它们将有助于为调控合适的温度提供选择[16]。此外，在阳光不足的时期，使用光散射膜是扩大温室作物照明面积的可行选择，将直射的阳光散射，从而扩大不同位置叶片受到的照射面积[17]。

在以下章节中，首先简要介绍了作物的光热需求，然后概述了农业中使用的被动辐射制冷和光散射薄膜。然后，提出了使用模拟计算的方法来评估温室中的能源消耗和环境条件。最后，对光热管理薄膜的未来应用提出了挑战和机遇。

2 作物的光热需求

作物受到光的直接和间接影响[18]。直接影响是指光是作物光形态发生过程中的信号，如种子萌发、组织生长和细胞分化[19]，而间接影响是指作物在光合作用中使用光作为能源[20]。作物生长应考虑光的三个关键参数，即强度、均匀性和光质[21]。

光质是指光的颜色或波长，如图3（a）所示，太阳光由6%~7%波长小于380 nm的紫外线（UV）、约42%的可见光（380~780 nm）和51%的近红外光（NIR, 780~2500 nm）组成[22]。近红外光为作物生长发育提供热量。400~700 nm范围的可见光可提供光合有效辐射（PAR）。由于叶绿素的吸收，蓝光（430~500 nm）和红光（630~770 nm）是绿叶作物光合作用中得到最有效利用的光[23]。

根据作物正常生长和发育的光照需求，作物可分为高、中或低光照需求[25]。通常，净光合作用速率的增加与光照强度呈正相关[26]。阳光不足会导致喜阳作物的光合作用下降、生长速度和葡萄糖产量下降，叶片变得萎蔫[27]。

光的均匀性包括光的时间和空间分布。太阳光通常以平行光的形式到达温室，因此很容易被障碍物阻挡[28‒29]。散射改善了光从不同角度进入植物内部冠层的分布以用于光合作用[30]。

温度是调节作物生长的另一个主要的环境因素。农作物生长有三个基本温度点：最低温度、最适温度和最高温度[31]。农作物的各种生理过程，包括光合作用、呼吸、水分输送、激素分泌和代谢，都受到温度的影响[32]。作物在过高或过低的温度下都可能受到损害，只有在最适温度下生长和发育才是最佳的[33]。图3（b）[24]说明了温室与其周围环境之间的能量传递机制，温室内部的光学照片如图3（c）[24]所示。

例如，草莓是一种典型的温度敏感水果，可溶性固态物含量（SSC）是评估其内部品质的主要参数[34]。研究发现，草莓成熟过程中的平均气温与草莓的硬度和SSC呈负相关，尽管相关程度因品种而异[35]。开花三周后，在15 ℃下生长的草莓比在22 ℃下种植的草莓具有更高的SSC [36]。此外，在高二氧化碳浓度和高温下生长的草莓往往含有更高水平的多酚和抗氧化剂[37]。

次生代谢产物，如苯基丙烷化合物，在植物中普遍存在，在植物生长中发挥着重要作用，尤其是在应对逆境胁迫时，如避免损伤、抵抗疾病和充当信号转导分子[38]。例如，在果实发育的不同阶段，高温强度和持续时间会显著影响葡萄的苯丙烷含量[39]。在一些有见地的综述[40‒42]中，对环境温度对作物的影响机制进行了广泛的研究。然而，必须进一步努力理解相关的潜在机制，包括基因、分子、器官、组织、信号和其他方面。

3 温室被动辐射制冷材料

被动辐射制冷材料通常用于建筑中，以创造舒适的室内环境并节约能源[40‒41]。其应用于农业温室时，也表现出类似的益处[42‒43]。光和材料表面的相互作用包括反射、透射和吸收，其中这三部分的总和等于100% [44]。不透明材料的透射率通常为0% [45]。此外，基尔霍夫热辐射定律提出，当物体处于热平衡状态时，每个波长的吸收率等于发射率[46]。Bijanya等[47]对被动辐射制冷理论进行了详细描述。

辐射制冷材料的热平衡由方程（1）描述：

P n e t = P r - P a - P s u n - P c o n v

式中，P net是辐射冷却器的净冷却功率；P r是物质发射的辐射功率；P a是从入射大气中吸收的辐射功率；P sun是吸收的太阳能；由传导和对流引起的功率损失表示为P conv。

通常，通过增加太阳辐射的反射率来降低吸收率。总之，实现被动辐射制冷有两个主要考虑因素：一个是提高大气窗口的发射率；另一个是增强红外反射率[48]。温室覆盖膜的红外反射机理如图3（d）所示。

某些具有大带隙、高折射率和低消光系数的陶瓷颗粒有利于反向散射太阳光[49]，包括二氧化钛（TiO2）[50]、硫酸钡（BaSO4）[51]、氧化锆（ZrO2）[52]、二氧化硅（SiO2）[53]、硫化锌（ZnS）[54]、氧化镁（MgO）[55]和硫化锌（ZnO）[56]。苝、酞菁铜（II）、苝二亚胺衍生物和三环癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯是主要的有机红外反射添加剂[57]。严格筛选基体材料以进行被动辐射制冷，并且优选在全太阳光谱中没有衰减的聚合物，如聚乙烯[58]、聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）[59]、聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）[60]、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）[61]或聚酯（PET）[62]。通过在材料表面构建有序的多孔阵列，可以获得更好的被动辐射制冷效果[63]。对辐射制冷的其他重要影响包括颗粒尺寸、体积分数和薄膜厚度[64]。在户外使用材料时，重要的是要考虑其耐用性，形成疏水表面是提高其寿命的有效方法[65]。

另一种较为流行的基体材料是具有高透光率的透明木头（TW）。在透明木头中，大部分木质素已被选择性去除，然后用合适的聚合物（如PMMA）代替[66]。功能颗粒，包括锑掺杂的氧化锡（ATO）[67]、ZnO [68]和钨掺杂的VO2 [69]，通常被加入其中以提高辐射制冷的效率。TW坚硬且不灵活，因此不适合温室覆盖，尤其是隧道式温室。通常要求被动辐射制冷材料在大气窗口区域具有高反射率和高发射率。空气-材料界面处的折射率（n）越高，反向散射越强。消光系数（k）是表征材料吸收光的能力的物理量；k值越高表示电磁辐射在材料中迅速衰减并逐渐被材料吸收。此外，被动辐射制冷材料应提供大于太阳光子能量（0.49~4.13 eV）的宽能带，以避免吸收太阳辐射[70]。因此，在选择高效的被动辐射制冷材料时，有必要考虑材料的n值、k值和带隙宽度。优异的化学稳定性、低成本、大的比表面积和快速生产也是筛选材料的关键考虑因素。世界上最广泛使用的温室覆盖材料是低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）薄膜；以二氧化硅为添加剂的辐射制冷聚乙烯单层膜可将反射率提高7% [71]。尽管如此，与目前的农业温室相比，用LDPE制造的被动辐射制冷材料已经更广泛地应用于纺织品的个人热管理[72]和建筑物或运输的温度调节[73]。

近红外反射材料在温室中的应用显示出很好的前景。Mutwiwa等[74]采用近红外反射材料在泰国中部的温室中种植番茄。他们的研究结果表明，近红外反射可以有效地将温室温度降低2.8 ℃。此外，生长参数——包括番茄的株高、叶面积指数和干物质含量——基本上没有受到影响。Chen和Shen [75]报道，通过在夏季使用具有近红外反射散射涂层的温室中种植芦笋，芦笋平均产量增加了31.4%。研究人员发现，近红外反射散射涂层在6月、8月和9月分别将温室的平均温度降低了1.8 ℃、1.9 ℃和0.7 ℃，最高温度分别降低了6.0 ℃、7.1 ℃和3.7 ℃ [76]。研究还表明，与普通商业膜相比，红外反射膜覆盖的温室温度低9 ℃，黄瓜产量高24.3% [77]。

4 温室光散射材料

当光散射膜被用作温室覆盖物时[图3（d）]，它在很大程度上受到当地气候、阳光条件甚至温室中生长的作物类型的影响。因此，在多种光环境下评估光散射膜的一种可行的方法是使用三维（3D）植物模型进行光线跟踪模拟[78]。温室的内部和外部环境与冠层的微光环境之间的复杂光学相互作用可以在光线跟踪模拟中显示。例如，雾度较高的薄膜为番茄带来了更均匀的光分布和更高的光合速率[图4（a）] [79]。

当光穿过粒子，产生振荡电荷，然后向各个方向重新辐射时，就会发生光散射。散射的程度和偏转取决于光的频率和粒子的大小。颗粒尺寸与入射波长之间的关系可以用尺寸参数（x）来表示，如等式（2）所示：

x = 2 ∏ r λ

式中，r为颗粒半径；λ为波长[80]。当x远小于1或颗粒尺寸小于入射光波长的1/10时，会发生一种称为瑞利散射的弹性散射。当x接近1或颗粒尺寸大于λ/10时，瑞利散射转变为各向异性非弹性散射，称为Mie散射[81]。

光散射材料通常可分为两种类型：表面浮雕材料和体积材料[82]。表面浮雕散射材料依赖于其微观结构，如丰富的不均匀结构和粗糙的纹理[83]。当光穿过具有微结构的表面时，入射光偏离其方向。表面浮雕散射膜通常具有高透射率。表面浮雕散射膜的制造通常涉及电喷雾、蚀刻和压花工艺，这些工艺复杂且昂贵[84]。体积材料可以通过分散在基体内的粒子将光进行散射；体积材料的制造工艺比表面浮雕材料的制造过程更简单、高效[85]。

基于散射理论，已经制备了许多光散射涂层、块体或膜材料。体积型散射材料是通过将颗粒分散到具有不同折射率的基体中来制备的。基体中的颗粒通常由SiO2 [86]、CaCO3 [87]、BaSO4 [88]、聚苯乙烯（PS）[89]、PMMA [90]或ZnO [91]等微粒组成，而用于基体的聚合物包括PE [92]、PET [93]或PC [94]。根据美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）D1003标准[95]，雾度通常用于评估光散射的程度。雾度表示为光散射材料散射超过2.5°的入射光的百分比[96]。光散射材料已被广泛应用于电子显示器、照明工程、投影成像[97]等技术领域，以提高光强的均匀性并消除眩光。太阳辐射和生长环境的模拟如图4所示[79,98‒100]。

温室内的光散射率对于建模研究至关重要，尤其是在评估光散射膜对作物生长的影响时。了解温室中散射光的行为对于提高冠层辐射吸收和光合作用预测的准确性和可靠性至关重要。从1999年10月到2004年12月，对大量太阳辐射和散射辐射数据的五年记录表明，散射光的透过率比直射光的透过率更不容易受到入射光角度变化的影响[101]。在实际的温室中，使用光散射膜种植蔬菜时，散射膜（57%雾度）下的菠菜产量比全透明膜下的产量高22.3% [8]。其他实验研究表明，在散射光条件下，不同作物（如番茄、黄瓜和玫瑰）的产量提高了10% [102]。在冬季，光散射可使生菜叶片中的氨基酸含量增加1.15倍[103]。Zheng等[104]对不同雾度（20%和29%）的散射膜作为日光温室覆盖物的应用进行了研究。他们的研究结果表明，与暴露于较低雾度的叶片相比，暴露于较高雾度下的叶片净光合作用显著增加（分别为19.0%和27.2%）。此外，与20%的雾度相比，29%的雾度使高茎密度番茄的产量增加5.5%，低茎密度番茄的产量增加12.9%。Di Mola等[17]在意大利那不勒斯的波蒂奇进行了一项温室研究，并取得了一项重大发现：利用光散射膜可以使菠菜的产量提高22%，土壤植物分析发育指数提高4.6%，同时不影响叶片叶绿素的含量。

5 能源消耗和环境条件模拟

温室的能源消耗和环境条件受到一系列复杂的内外因素的影响。外部因素是气候和地理位置，而内部因素包括建筑结构和材料、供暖设备、蒸发冷却系统、通风、二氧化碳供应和人工照明。为了节省研发成本并达到最低的能耗要求，有必要模拟温室的能耗，以便深入研究光热管理膜与各种系统之间的最佳协同作用。Rasheed等[105]使用瞬态系统模拟（TRNSYS）-18程序来研究多跨温室建筑能源模拟（BES）。他们发现，在夏天使用遮光屏可以将冷却能源需求减少25%。能耗模拟在筛选温室材料方面具有显著优势。Yu等[106]结合实验数据，使用Energy Plus软件模拟了相变材料在温室节能方面的作用。他们发现，春季、秋季、夏季和冬季的热负荷可分别减少6.4 GJ、5.8 GJ、3.4 GJ和2.9 GJ。年总供热负荷可减少18.5 GJ，相当于年节能4.7%。春、夏和秋季的累计节能率为9%。

温室的能源消耗和环境模拟包括：温室模型的建立、二氧化碳供应系统、HVAC系统的设计[107]和计算流体动力学（CFD），这些都可以使用软件或算法进行模拟和结果分析[108]。CFD模拟可用于分析和解决温度问题[图4（b）] [98]、PAR分布问题[图4（c）] [99]和空气路径线问题[图4（d）][100]。朝南的温室可以将其最大的墙壁面积暴露在阳光下，以获得最多的太阳辐射，通风系统可以安装在东墙和西墙上。可以用储热材料和隔热材料建造厚层墙，以防止热量损失[109]。

温室的内部环境，如温度、空气质量和湿度，是由气流模式控制的。CFD是一种分析流速和温度时空分布的模拟方法，可用于模拟流体流动条件和热量[110]、质量和动量传递，以优化农业设计。使用CFD可以精确地计算排气流型和传热通量。Baxevanou等[99]使用有限体积法和Ansys Fluent CFD代码，对带侧开口的隧道型番茄温室中四个波段（UV、PAR、近红外和红外辐射）的传输现象、空气动力学和热辐射传输进行二维（2D）模拟。在他们的工作中，温室模型覆盖着乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯（EVA）树脂、三层共挤聚乙烯和PVC薄膜。他们的结果表明，在一年的时间里，与其他三种材料相比，EVA覆盖材料为番茄种植提供了最长的适宜环境。尽管如此，研究人员并没有从材料特性的角度来解释这一现象。Kumar等[111]开发了准静态稳态三维模拟模型，并进行了CFD模拟。他们发现，使用土壤-空气换热器（EAHEs）导致夏季温室温度下降7~8 ℃，冬季温室温度平均上升4~5 ℃。Yu等[112]使用CFD模拟研究了在SolidWorks中建立的3D番茄模型的热性能；他们指出，3D模型的研究可以为合理的通风提供指导，并有助于设计适合番茄生长的热环境。有关CFD的知识在文献[98]中得到了更广泛的介绍。尽管相关研究已经开展，但还需要提出更多针对覆盖光热管理膜的温室的CFD模拟。

6 机遇与挑战

统计数据显示，2019年1月，全球温室蔬菜种植面积为4.968×105 hm2 [113]。到2025年，中国种植设施、隧道式温室、日光温室和连栋温室的总面积将超过2.0×106 hm2。中华人民共和国农业农村部设定了加快设施农业发展的目标，这表明种植设施的区域布局将更加合理，结构类型将优化[114]。全球粮食安全危机和追求碳中和的趋势，为光热管理农用薄膜提供了宝贵的机会。对于喜阳作物来说，更大的暴露面积可以提高它们的光合速率，促进生长速度，因此光散射膜更有利于它们的生长。对于喜阴的作物则不需要更大的暴露面积。所有作物都有一个最适宜的温度生长范围。一旦局部温度超过最高生长温度，红外反射膜比遮阳和主动通风更适合创建生长微环境。

温室是解决未来粮食不安全问题的一项不可替代的措施。随着自动灌溉、无土栽培、信息管理和机械自动化的快速发展[115]，温室的光热和小气候管理取得了显著进展。温室种植已经变得更加高效、现代化、标准化和智能化。然而，仍有一些领域有待进一步探索。温室应融入人类舒适的建筑设计理念，温室的所有智能化和机械化设计都应基于作物的生理知识。因此，更深入地了解作物对环境的反应将有助于对温室材料的评估、设计和调控。

数据挖掘可以成为识别影响生物生长的关键因素的有力手段。例如，Mamatha Bai等[116]使用数据挖掘技术，包括二分K-means聚类（bisecting K-means）、基于密度的聚类算法（DBSCAN）、点排序识别聚类结构（OPTICS）、层次全连接法（hierarchical complete linkage）和STING，分析近几十年来获得的生长关键因素的结果，以预测卡纳塔克邦的龙爪稷、花生和水稻获得最大产量的最佳环境参数。最流行的预测模型是随机森林、神经网络、线性回归和梯度增强树模型。通常并行使用多个模型来预测和比较结果[117]。

在温室作物覆盖薄膜的光热管理方面还有很多工作要做，如图5所示，必须在更深入地了解特定作物的环境要求的基础上，设计、制造和示范应用光热管理膜。提高温室覆盖材料的红外反射率是提高被动辐射降温效果的有效途径。鉴于目前对作物光热需求的了解，具有近红外反射和可见光散射的光谱选择性膜被认为比其他可用的选择更适合于创建有利于作物生长的微环境。提高温室作物产量的关键过程是设计具有微观和宏观特征的材料。折射率和颗粒尺寸对红外反射和可见光散射的影响最大。在这里，关键问题是如何制备具有预期折射率和适当尺寸的颗粒。决定材料性能的另一个重要因素是有机基体和无机颗粒之间的界面，而改性这种界面涉及颗粒表面的改性和加工技术的优化。最终，光热管理膜的综合性能必须通过示范应用来验证；然后，必须收集温室中的环境数据以及作物的质量和产量，以建立覆盖膜、环境和作物之间的关系和相互作用。

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