纳米铁高效分离富集重金属——废水处理及资源化新基准

Shaolin Li, Lei Li, Weixian Zhang

工程（英文） ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5) : 16-20.

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工程（英文） ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5) : 16-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.012
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纳米铁高效分离富集重金属——废水处理及资源化新基准

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Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) for Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment: A Perspective

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摘要

有色金属冶炼等行业每年排放数亿立方的重金属废水，此类废水环境潜在危害巨大，对传统污水处理造成严峻挑战。传统重金属废水处理通常采用石灰、铁盐或硫化物等化学沉淀法，但处理后废水往往难以满足日益严格的排放要求。这一问题促进相关新技术的研究和开发。其中，以纳米零价铁（nZVI）为代表的纳米材料及应用引起了广泛关注。nZVI前期主要用于污染场地修复，但本文重点聚焦于其近期在重金属废水处理和资源回收方面的应用发展。本文展示nZVI在重金属废水处理中的优势，如同时去除多种重金属和类金属（超过30种）、捕获和富集低浓度重金属的能力、及其独特的水动力学性能带来的操作便利等，并剖析其优势来源；通过结合相关工程实践，从反应机理、颗粒水动力学性能、单元操作和工艺流程多方面分析了其在重金属废水处理及资源化的应用特征，展示了纳米材料作为新一代废水处理技术的现实价值。

Abstract

Industries such as non-ferrous metal smelting discharge billions of gallons of highly toxic heavy metal wastewater (HMW) worldwide annually, posing a severe challenge to conventional wastewater treatment plants and harming the environment. HMW is traditionally treated via chemical precipitation using lime, caustic, or sulfide, but the effluents do not meet the increasingly stringent discharge standards. This issue has spurred an increase in research and the development of innovative treatment technologies, among which those using nanoparticles receive particular interest. Among such initiatives, treatment using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is one of the best developed. While nZVI is already well known for its site-remediation use, this perspective highlights its application in HMW treatment with metal recovery. We demonstrate several advantages of nZVI in this wastewater application, including its multifunctionality in sequestrating a wide array of metal(loid)s (> 30 species); its capability to capture and enrich metal(loid)s at low concentrations (with a removal capacity reaching 500 mg·g−1 nZVI); and its operational convenience due to its unique hydrodynamics. All these advantages are attributable to nZVI’s diminutive nanoparticle size and/or its unique iron chemistry. We also present the first engineering practice of this application, which has treated millions of cubic meters of HMW and recovered tons of valuable metals (e.g., Cu and Au). It is concluded that nZVI is a potent reagent for treating HMW and that nZVI technology provides an eco-solution to this toxic waste.

关键词

纳米零价铁 / 废水 / 重金属 / 资源回收

Keywords

Nanoscale zero-valent iron / Wastewater / Heavy metal / Resource recovery

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Shaolin Li, Lei Li, Weixian Zhang. 纳米铁高效分离富集重金属——废水处理及资源化新基准. Engineering. 2024, 36(5): 16-20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.012

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This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21876131), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3702101), and the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse of China (PCRRY).

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