纳米铁高效分离富集重金属——废水处理及资源化新基准

李少林 ,  李蕾 ,  张伟贤

工程（英文） ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5) : 18 -22.

PDF (6886KB)
工程（英文） ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5) : 18 -22. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.012
研究论文

纳米铁高效分离富集重金属——废水处理及资源化新基准

作者信息 +

Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) for Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment: A Perspective

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (7050K)

摘要

有色金属冶炼等行业每年排放数千万立方米的高毒性重金属废水（HMW），此类废水环境潜在危害巨大，对传统污水处理构成严峻挑战。传统重金属废水处理通常采用石灰、苛性碱或硫化物等化学沉淀法，但处理后废水往往难以满足日益严格的排放要求。这一问题促进相关新技术的研究和开发。其中，以纳米零价铁（nZVI）为代表的纳米材料及应用引起了广泛关注。nZVI前期主要用于污染场地修复，但本文重点聚焦于其近期在重金属废水处理和资源回收方面的应用发展。本文展示nZVI在重金属废水处理中的优势，如同时去除多种重金属和类金属（超过30种）、捕获和富集低浓度重金属的能力（去除容量可达500 mg∙g-1 nZVI）以及其独特的水动力学性能带来的操作便利等。所有这些优势都归因于纳米零价铁微小的纳米颗粒尺寸和（或）其独特的铁化学性质。文中还介绍了这一应用的首个工程实践，该实践已处理了数百万立方米的高金属含量废水，并回收了数吨有价值的金属（如铜和金）。因此nZVI 是处理高金属含量废水的强效试剂，nZVI 技术为有毒废物提供了一种生态解决方案。

Abstract

Industries such as non-ferrous metal smelting discharge billions of gallons of highly toxic heavy metal wastewater (HMW) worldwide annually, posing a severe challenge to conventional wastewater treatment plants and harming the environment. HMW is traditionally treated via chemical precipitation using lime, caustic, or sulfide, but the effluents do not meet the increasingly stringent discharge standards. This issue has spurred an increase in research and the development of innovative treatment technologies, among which those using nanoparticles receive particular interest. Among such initiatives, treatment using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is one of the best developed. While nZVI is already well known for its site-remediation use, this perspective highlights its application in HMW treatment with metal recovery. We demonstrate several advantages of nZVI in this wastewater application, including its multifunctionality in sequestrating a wide array of metal(loid)s (> 30 species); its capability to capture and enrich metal(loid)s at low concentrations (with a removal capacity reaching 500 mg·g−1 nZVI); and its operational convenience due to its unique hydrodynamics. All these advantages are attributable to nZVI’s diminutive nanoparticle size and/or its unique iron chemistry. We also present the first engineering practice of this application, which has treated millions of cubic meters of HMW and recovered tons of valuable metals (e.g., Cu and Au). It is concluded that nZVI is a potent reagent for treating HMW and that nZVI technology provides an eco-solution to this toxic waste.

关键词

纳米零价铁 / 废水 / 重金属 / 资源回收

Key words

Nanoscale zero-valent iron / Wastewater / Heavy metal / Resource recovery

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
李少林,李蕾,张伟贤. 纳米铁高效分离富集重金属——废水处理及资源化新基准[J]. 工程（英文）, 2024, 36(5): 18-22 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.012

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

1 引言

纳米零价铁（nZVI）指粒径小于1 μm的超细金属铁[Fe(0)]颗粒，其主要由铁（氢）氧化物外壳和零价铁内核组成，比表面积通常大于20 m2·g-1 [1‒4]。nZVI具有良好还原能力，其金属铁内核可以充当电子供体，外壳充当电子隧道，其较大表面积可以快速释放电子。这些特性和其环境友好性使nZVI成为理想的环境修复材料[5‒7]。

nZVI在环境修复领域应用始于20世纪90年代的北美，最初用于受污染场地的原位修复，通过将nZVI注入地下来修复氯代有机物污染的场地[1,5,8]。nZVI技术在该领域迅速引起了人们的关注，出现大量关于其应用于场地修复的研究论文和综述[4‒6,9‒12]。而本文另辟蹊径，聚焦于其在重金属废水处理的研究及应用。基于我们25年来在实验室研究和相关规模工程实践中的经验积累，从工程角度论证其也可以有效处理重金属废水（HMW），且为此类毒害废水处理处置提供了环境友好的途径[1‒3,5,13‒27]，以期为纳米材料环境应用及相关研究提供思路和范例。

2 背景

本工作始于对有色金属冶炼产生的高毒性废水的调查[17,19,20]。有色金属冶炼废水含有大量重金属和类金属含氧阴离子，例如铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、硒（Se）和铊（Tl）[17,20]，如图1（a）所示，其浓度范围从每升几克[如Cu(II)]到每升十亿分之几克不等[17,20]。废水中还含有大量盐分（主要是氯化钠，占总量的8%）、有机物和氨氮等[17]，总量可达100 g∙L-1 [17]。中国每年此类重金属废水的排放量可达数千万立方米[28]。

这类废水处理达标排放具有挑战性。目前，处理此类废水主要采用化学沉淀剂，如石灰、硫化物或铁盐[19‒20]。而此类方法处理后出水往往仍含有大量重金属（通常在1~100 mg∙L-1，有时达500 mg∙L-1），无法达标[20,29]。其原因主要有沉淀溶解度局限、两性金属再溶解、沉淀物沉降性差以及氮氧化物沉淀的稳定性差等[17,20]。此外，其他元素（如Tl）也不断加入排放标准[30]，重金属排放浓度限值也不断降低（如出水Ni2+浓度从0.5 mg∙L-1降至0.1 mg∙L-1）[31‒32]，如图1（a）所示，处理难度不断提升。

3 nZVI处理重金属废水的反应机理

2005年以来，国内外很多研究团队开展了nZVI去除重金属的相关研究[2‒4,9,13]。结果表明，nZVI可以化学还原、吸附和（共）沉淀多种重金属和类金属[2‒4,9,13]，如图1（b）所示。其可作为电子供体，还原Cu(II)或Cr(VI)等，反应后，在nZVI颗粒表面形成金属纳米岛/树枝状物或复合物[14,25,33]。nZVI外壳和腐蚀产物（如铁和氢氧根离子）可通过化学吸附和（共）沉淀吸附金属阳离子[如Pb(II)和Zn(II) ]和含氧阴离子[如As(V) ]，如图1（b）所示[3‒4,17,22,34]。据检索，三十多种无机元素或化合物可与nZVI反应[3‒4,9,13]，涵盖相关排放标准所有金属和类金属[31‒32]，以及部分目前尚未列入清单但关注度较高的元素，如铀（U）、碲（Te）等，如图1（a）所示[24,35‒36]。

随后，我们团队开展了中试研究考察nZVI处理冶炼废水可行性[17,19]，中试研究成功有幸促成其规模工程实施[20,23]，其废水日处理量已达约1000 m3。工程实践验证了nZVI处理重金属废水的高效性和优势，分析如下。

nZVI可高效去除废水中重金属。实际应用中，其能同时去除八种目标金属（如铜、砷和镍），去除率可达96%，去除效果优于传统石灰和铁盐：使用Ca（OH）2时去除率仅为37%，使用FeCl3和NaOH时为83% [19‒20]。在高盐度、高杂质废水背景条件下，nZVI目标污染物去除容量可达约500 mg∙g-1 nZVI [16,20]，高于传统树脂/吸附剂或大颗粒ZVI [9,34]。此种高去除容量原因在于nZVI可再循环利用、具有高表面积-质量比和可快速释放还原能力，从而在表面沉淀[如Cr(III)和As(V)]钝化颗粒前更充分地利用Fe(0)内核[14]。

nZVI对部分重点关注重金属[如Cu(II)和Pb(II)]去除能力高于传统沉淀剂。例如，经nZVI处理后，氧化还原敏感金属如Cu(II)等离子浓度可降至小于0.1 mg∙L-1，其原因在于Fe(0)与这些离子之间存在较大氧化还原电位差，使反应有较大平衡常数[16,20]。nZVI可以将两性金属离子[如Zn(II)和Pb(II)]降到较低浓度[19]，其与nZVI弱碱性及其缓释Fe(II)和氢氧根离子等有关[16]。nZVI颗粒作为颗粒状固体，其具备一定“种子”效应，可在低目标重金属浓度下，促进可沉淀分离产物的快速形成[19‒20,23]。nZVI反应后产生的Fe(II)和Fe(III)，可与废水中螯合物结合，置换其螯合目标重金属，否则此类重金属将难以沉淀[37]。nZVI这些性质使其处理重金属废水具有独特优势。

4 颗粒水动力、单元操作和工艺流程

nZVI颗粒具有良好的水动力学特性，使其在废水处理应用领域具有独特优势。nZVI颗粒在中性pH水环境下表面电位较低[26,38]，且实际应用中常以较高浓度（如储备液）使用，因此其在水中主要以微米级团聚体形式存在[20,26]，如图2（a）所示。其团聚体密度低（约1.05 g∙cm-3），流化速度小，团聚体的浓缩浆液堆积密度低（约1.2 g∙cm-3），表观黏度小[26]，如图2（a）所示，因此nZVI团聚体及其浓缩浆液较易流动[图2（a）]，其水动力学性能类似于混凝絮体和活性污泥[26]。

因此，nZVI兼容于现有很多废水处理工程单元操作和处理设备，从而为废水处理提供了技术优势。例如，由于nZVI易悬浮，其可在反应过程通过机械搅拌混合保持其悬浮，如图2（b）中（i）所示[15,20,39]。机械搅拌的应用带来许多工程便利，例如根据进水水质波动可快速调节反应器，如图2（b）中（ii）所示[16‒17,19‒20]；全混合可提升系统缓冲能力；搅拌增强nZVI颗粒表面传质并减轻钝化；可以轻松排出囤积的固体（即捕捉的污染物金属、nZVI腐蚀产物和悬浮固体），如图2（b）中（iii）所示[16‒17,19‒20]。这些优点避免了传统固定床反应器堵塞的致命性问题[39‒42]。浓缩nZVI浆料因其低黏度可通过泵和管道输送[图2（b）中（ii）和（iii）]，大规模投加和循环利用均较便利[16‒17,19‒20]。由于nZVI微米级团聚体的普遍存在，大部分nZVI可在1~2 h重力沉降完毕，如图2（b）中（iv）所示[18,26]，因此nZVI循环利用便捷，有助于提升其利用效率，减少使用量和处理成本。

基于上述单元操作，我们开发了一种简单但可靠的nZVI废水处理工艺[图2（b）]。该工艺使用混合反应器混合nZVI和废水，在反应器中加入浓缩nZVI浆料。随后，通过重力沉降池分离nZVI和处理后废水，并浓缩沉淀nZVI。沉淀池底部浓缩浆液通过泵送回混合反应器循环使用。反应器可串联或并联[17,20]，如图2（c）中R1和R2所示。该工艺与常规水处理工艺（如混凝过程，包括配料、混合和沉降）兼容，可利用现有设备及构筑物（如混合或沉淀池），无需额外改造。

2012年以来，nZVI工艺已被广泛应用于冶炼废水深度处理[图2（c）和（d）]。每年使用近80 000 kg nZVI处理400 000 m3冶炼废水[20,23]。多年工程实践表明，该工艺操作简单，性能稳定。该工艺目前在去除金属和类金属领域日益受到重视。

5 未来展望

本节概述nZVI应用为重金属废水处理带来了更有前景的未来。以上实践中，反应器中固态反应产物含有近10%的铜，金含量可达41 g∙t-1（金在进水中含量仅为十亿分之一），也含有高浓度的银（Ag）和镍[20,23]，如图2（e）所示，具备现实资源化价值，其每年在废水中回收数千克黄金和数吨铜，以往这些金属均随废水流失[23]。这些回收的金属可部分抵消处理成本，从另一角度，因铁自然储量丰富，利用廉价的铁换取不可再生的贵金属始终是值得的。nZVI这种金属富集能力，与其较高表面积-质量比、强还原性质和可重复使用等因素有关[20‒21,23]。nZVI将高毒害性重金属废水转化为有价资源，为此类废水提供了一种环境友好的绿色资源化途径，为其处理提供了新的范式。

实践证明，nZVI废水处理技术体系还需要进一步研究和完善，以提高其效率和竞争力。例如，nZVI在实际生产、储存和使用中，可能与周围环境中水或氧气反应，降低其材料效率并产生安全问题[43]。因此，目前的研究正努力解决这些问题并进一步完善技术体系。近年来，复合nZVI体系如其与磷酸盐、草酸、硫化物的复合获得关注，有望进一步提升nZVI废水处理效率及材料利用率[43‒51]。nZVI宏量制备技术也在不断优化提效，使其更加环保高效[43,52]。污染物在线实时分析技术的发展也有助于优化nZVI的实时投加，提高系统效率。nZVI与生物处理相结合也有望进一步拓展nZVI在废水处理中的应用[27,53]。nZVI技术从实验室研究到实际工程应用的成长历程也为其他环境功能材料的研究与发展提供参考与借鉴。

参考文献

原文顺序 | 出版日期 | 本文引用
[1]

Wang CB, Zhang W. Synthesizing nanoscale iron particles for rapid and complete dechlorination of TCE and PCBs. Environ Sci Tech 1997;31(7):2154‒6. . 10.1021/es970039c
[2]

Li XQ, Zhang WX. Iron nanoparticles: the core‒shell structure and unique properties for Ni(II) sequestration. Langmuir 2006;22(10):4638‒42. . 10.1021/la060057k
[3]

Yan W, Herzing AA, Kiely CJ, Zhang WX. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): aspects of the core‒shell structure and reactions with inorganic species in water. J Contam Hydrol 2010;118(3‒4):96‒104.
[4]

Zou Y, Wang X, Khan A, Wang P, Liu Y, Alsaedi A, et al. Environmental remediation and application of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites for the removal of heavy metal ions: a review. Environ Sci Tech 2016;50(14):7290‒304. . 10.1021/acs.est.6b01897
[5]

Zhang W. Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview. J Nanopart Res 2003;5:323‒32.
[6]

Zhao X, Liu W, Cai Z, Han B, Qian T, Zhao D. An overview of preparation and applications of stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles for soil and groundwater remediation. Water Res 2016;100:245‒66. . 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.019
[7]

Liu Y, Wu T, White JC, Lin D. A new strategy using nanoscale zero-valent iron to simultaneously promote remediation and safe crop production in contaminated soil. Nat Nanotechnol 2021;16(2):197‒205. . 10.1038/s41565-020-00803-1
[8]

Elliott DW, Zhang WX. Field assessment of nanoscale bimetallic particles for groundwater treatment. Environ Sci Tech 2001;35(24):4922‒6. . 10.1021/es0108584
[9]

Fu F, Dionysiou DD, Liu H. The use of zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment: a review. J Hazard Mater 2014;267:194‒205. . 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.062
[10]

Garcia AN, Zhang Y, Ghoshal S, He F, O’Carroll DM. Recent advances in sulfidated zerovalent iron for contaminant transformation. Environ Sci Tech 2021;55(13):8464‒83. . 10.1021/acs.est.1c01251
[11]

Mohana Rangan S, Rao S, Robles A, Mouti A, LaPat-Polasko L, Lowry GV, et al. Decoupling Fe0 application and bioaugmentation in space and time enables microbial reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene to ethene: evidence from soil columns. Environ Sci Tech 2023;57(10):4167‒79. . 10.1021/acs.est.2c06433
[12]

Zhu J, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhong S, Gao P, Shen J. Trichloroethylene remediation using zero-valent iron with kaolin clay, activated carbon and bacteria. Water Res 2022;226:119186. . 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119186
[13]

Li XQ, Zhang W. Sequestration of metal cations with zerovalent iron nanoparticles—a study with high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS). J Phys Chem C 2007;111(19):6939‒46. . 10.1021/jp0702189
[14]

Li XQ, Cao J, Zhang W. Stoichiometry of Cr(VI) immobilization using nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI): a study with high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS). Ind Eng Chem Res 2008;47(7):2131‒9. . 10.1021/ie061655x
[15]

Ma L, Zhang WX. Enhanced biological treatment of industrial wastewater with bimetallic zero-valent iron. Environ Sci Tech 2008;42(15):5384‒9. . 10.1021/es801743s
[16]

Li S, Wang W, Yan W, Zhang WX. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) for the treatment of concentrated Cu(II) wastewater: a field demonstration. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2014;16(3):524‒33. . 10.1039/c3em00578j
[17]

Li SL, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhang W. Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) for the treatment of smelting wastewater: a pilot-scale demonstration. Chem Eng J 2014;254:115‒23. . 10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.111
[18]

Wang W, Li SL, Lei H, Pan B, Zhang W. Enhanced separation of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) using polyacrylamide: performance, characterization and implication. Chem Eng J 2015;260:616‒22. . 10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.042
[19]

Wang W, Hua Y, Li SL, Yan WL, Zhang W. Removal of Pb(II) and Zn(II) using lime and nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): a comparative study. Chem Eng J 2016;304:79‒88. . 10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.069
[20]

Li S, Wang W, Liang F, Zhang WX. Heavy metal removal using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): theory and application. J Hazard Mater 2017; 322(Pt A):163‒71. . 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.032
[21]

Gu T, Shi J, Hua Y, Liu J, Wang W, Zhang W. Enrichment of silver from water using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). Acta Chimi Sin 2017;75(10):991‒7. . 10.6023/a17070345
[22]

Liu A, Wang W, Liu J, Fu R, Zhang WX. Nanoencapsulation of arsenate with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): a 3D perspective. Sci Bull 2018;63(24):1641‒8. . 10.1016/j.scib.2018.12.002
[23]

Li SL, Li J, Wang W, Zhang W. Recovery of gold from wastewater using nanoscale zero-valent iron. Environ Sci Nano 2019;6(2):519‒27. . 10.1039/c8en01018h
[24]

Hua Y, Wang W, Hu N, Gu T, Ling L, Zhang W. Enrichment of uranium from wastewater with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). Environ Sci Nano 2021;8(3):666‒74. . 10.1039/d0en01029d
[25]

Li J, Guan X, Zhang WX. Architectural genesis of metal(loid)s with iron nanoparticle in water. Environ Sci Tech 2021;55(19):12801‒8.
[26]

Wang W, Li J, Li SL, Zhang W. In situ characterization of aggregates of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in water: an engineering aspect. Environ Sci Nano 2022;9(9):3331‒42. . 10.1039/d2en00373b
[27]

Liu N, Liu J, Wang H, Li S, Zhang WX. Microbes team with nanoscale zerovalent iron: a robust route for degradation of recalcitrant pollutants. J Environ Sci 2022;118:140‒6. . 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.037
[28]

National Bureau of Statistics of China. Environmental statistical data (2013). Beijing: China Statistics Press; 2013. Chinese.
[29]

General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China; Ministry of Ecology and Environmental Protection of People’s Republic of China. GB 18918‒2002: Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant. Chinese standard. Beijing: Standard Press of China; 2002. Chinese.
[30]

Ecology and Environment Department of Hunan; Administration for Market Regulation of Hunan Province. DB 43/968‍‒‍2021: Discharge standard of thallium pollutant for industry wastewater. Hunan provincial standards. Beijing: Standard Press of China; 2021. Chinese.
[31]

Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. GB 8978‍‒‍1996: Integrated wastewater discharge standard. Chinese standard. Beijing: Standard Press of China; 1996. Chinese.
[32]

Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment; Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. DB 31/199‍‒‍2018: Integrated wastewater discharge standard. Shanghai provincial standards. Beijing: Standard Press of China; 2018. Chinese.
[33]

Masnadi M, Yao N, Braidy N, Moores A. Cu(II) galvanic reduction and deposition onto iron nano- and microparticles: resulting morphologies and growth mechanisms. Langmuir 2015;31(2):789‒98. . 10.1021/la503598b
[34]

Mohan D, Pittman Jr CU. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents—a critical review. J Hazard Mater 2007;142(1‒2):1‒53.
[35]

Macdonald JE, Veinot JGC. Removal of residual metal catalysts with iron/iron oxide nanoparticles from coordinating environments. Langmuir 2008;24(14):7169‒77. . 10.1021/la8006734
[36]

Yu H, Zhang T, Jing Z, Xu J, Qiu F, Yang D, et al. In situ fabrication of dynamic nano zero-valent iron/activated carbon nanotubes membranes for tellurium separation. Chem Eng Sci 2019;205:278‒86. . 10.1016/j.ces.2019.05.012
[37]

Liu F, Shan C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Pan B. Enhanced removal of EDTAchelated Cu(II) by polymeric anion-exchanger supported nanoscale zerovalent iron. J Hazard Mater 2017;321:290‒8. . 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.022
[38]

Li J, Bhattacharjee S, Ghoshal S. The effects of viscosity of carboxymethyl cellulose on aggregation and transport of nanoscale zerovalent iron. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015;481:451‒9. . 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.05.023
[39]

Li Y, Ding Y, Wei H, Li S. Flocculating microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) improves its hydrodynamic properties for wastewater treatment. Separ Purif Tech 2022;300:121852. . 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121852
[40]

Mantha R, Taylor KE, Biswas N, Bewtra JK. A continuous system for Fe0 reduction of nitrobenzene in synthetic wastewater. Environ Sci Tech 2001;35(15):3231‒6. . 10.1021/es0014943
[41]

Liu H, Li G, Qu J, Liu H. Degradation of azo dye Acid Orange 7 in water by Fe0/granular activated carbon system in the presence of ultrasound. J Hazard Mater 2007;144(1‒2):180‒6.
[42]

Lai B, Zhou Y, Yang P. Passivation of sponge iron and GAC in Fe0/GAC mixedpotential corrosion reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012;51(22):7777‒85. . 10.1021/ie203019t
[43]

Li L, Xu Q, Li SL, Zhang W. Wet milling of zerovalent iron in sulfide solution: preserving and securing the metallic iron. ACS EST Eng 2022;2(4):703‒12. . 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00361
[44]

Li M, Shang H, Li H, Hong Y, Ling C, Wei K, et al. Kirkendall effect boosts phosphorylated nZVI for efficient heavy metal wastewater treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021;60(31):17115‒22. . 10.1002/anie.202104586
[45]

Falyouna O, Faizul Idham M, Maamoun I, Bensaida K, Ashik U, Sugihara Y, et al. Promotion of ciprofloxacin adsorption from contaminated solutions by oxalate modified nanoscale zerovalent iron particles. J Mol Liq 2022;359:119323. . 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119323
[46]

Idham MF, Falyouna O, Eljamal R, Maamoun I, Eljamal O. Chloramphenicol removal from water by various precursors to enhance graphene oxide-iron nanocomposites. J Water Process Eng 2022;50:103289. . 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103289
[47]

Eljamal R, Maamoun I, Bensaida K, Yilmaz G, Sugihara Y, Eljamal O. A novel method to improve methane generation from waste sludge using iron nanoparticles coated with magnesium hydroxide. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2022;158:112192. . 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112192
[48]

Bensaida K, Maamoun I, Eljamal R, Falyouna O, Sugihara Y, Eljamal O. New insight for electricity amplification in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) applying magnesium hydroxide coated iron nanoparticles. Energ Conver Manage 2021;249:114877. . 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114877
[49]

Maamoun I, Falyouna O, Eljamal R, Bensaida K, Tanaka K, Tosco T, et al. Multifunctional magnesium hydroxide coating for iron nanoparticles towards prolonged reactivity in Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng 2022;10(3):107431. . 10.1016/j.jece.2022.107431
[50]

Mokete R, Eljamal O, Sugihara Y. Exploration of the reactivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) associated nanoparticles in diverse experimental conditions. Chem Eng Process 2020;150:107879. . 10.1016/j.cep.2020.107879
[51]

Karmaker SC, Eljamal O, Saha BB. Response surface methodology for strontium removal process optimization from contaminated water using zeolite nanocomposites. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021;28(40):56535‒51. . 10.1007/s11356-021-14503-3
[52]

Li SL, Yan WL, Zhang W. Solvent-free production of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with precision milling. Green Chem 2009;11(10):1618‒26. . 10.1039/b913056j
[53]

You G, Wang P, Hou J, Wang C, Xu Y, Miao L, et al. The use of zero-valent iron (ZVI)-microbe technology for wastewater treatment with special attention to the factors influencing performance: a critical review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 2017;47(10):877‒907. . 10.1080/10643389.2017.1334457
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (6886KB)

5255

访问

0

被引

详细
导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/

〈 〉