基于离子印迹的二价铜离子非标记检测平台预防听力损失

王欢 ,  张慧 ,  张小莉 ,  陈红 ,  陆玲 ,  柴人杰

工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2) : 298 -305.

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工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2) : 298 -305. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.001
研究论文

基于离子印迹的二价铜离子非标记检测平台预防听力损失

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Ionically Imprinting-Based Copper (II) Label-Free Detection for Preventing Hearing Loss

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摘要

铜是一种微量元素,在体内具有重要的生理功能。然而,过量的铜离子(Cu2+)可能会导致严重的健康问题,如毛细胞凋亡,进而造成听力损失。因此,对Cu2+的测定具有重要意义。在本文中,我们将离子印迹技术与结构色水凝胶微球相结合,制备了基于壳聚糖的离子印迹水凝胶微球(IIHBs),并将其作为低成本、高特异性的Cu2+检测平台。这些IIHBs具有内部贯穿的大孔微纳结构,宏观尺寸均匀、颜色明亮,同时还具备磁响应性。将其孵育于Cu2+溶液中时,IIHB可以识别Cu2+并表现出反射峰变化,从而实现无标记检测。此外,受益于离子印迹技术,IIHBs显示出良好的特异性和选择性,在Cu2+浓度为100 μmol∙L‒1时印迹因子为19.14。这些特征表明,所开发的IIHBs有望用于Cu2+检测,进而预防听力损失。

Abstract

Copper is a microelement with important physiological functions in the body. However, the excess copper ion (Cu2+) may cause severe health problems, such as hair cell apoptosis and the resultant hearing loss. Therefore, the assay of Cu2+ is important. We integrate ionic imprinting technology (IIT) and structurally colored hydrogel beads to prepare chitosan-based ionically imprinted hydrogel beads (IIHBs) as a low-cost and high-specificity platform for Cu2+ detection. The IIHBs have a macroporous microstructure, uniform size, vivid structural color, and magnetic responsiveness. When incubated in solution, IIHBs recognize Cu2+ and exhibit a reflective peak change, thereby achieving label-free detection. In addition, benefiting from the IIT, the IIHBs display good specificity and selectivity and have an imprinting factor of 19.14 at 100 μmol·L−1. These features indicated that the developed IIHBs are promising candidates for Cu2+ detection, particularly for the prevention of hearing loss.

关键词

结构色 / 微流控 / 离子印迹 / 非标记检测 / 听力损失

Key words

Structural color / Microfluidics / Ionic imprinting / Label-free detection / Hearing loss

引用本文

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王欢,张慧,张小莉,陈红,陆玲,柴人杰. 基于离子印迹的二价铜离子非标记检测平台预防听力损失[J]. 工程(英文), 2024, 33(2): 298-305 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.001

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1 引言

听力损失是一种严重而又普遍存在的听力系统疾病,全球超过15亿人受此影响,其中超过4亿人患有中度或重度听力损失[1]。这种疾病不仅降低了患者的生活质量,还会导致患者严重的心理负担。因此,预防和治疗听力损失至关重要[25]。在各种治疗方法中,减少铅、镉、铜等重金属离子的摄入是一种可行的策略。目前,铜制剂广泛应用于农业和工业[610]。虽然铜是人体重要的微量元素,但环境和食物中铜离子(Cu2+)的过量摄入往往会导致严重的健康问题[1113]。例如,过量的Cu2+会产生羟基自由基,诱导毛细胞(HCs)凋亡,进而导致听力损失[1418],因此有必要控制Cu2+的摄取。监测食物和饮用水中的Cu2+水平是一种可能的方法,目前已有许多技术用于Cu2+检测,包括荧光法[1921]、分光光度法[22]、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法[23]、电感耦合等离子体质谱法[24]、原子吸收光谱法[25]和电化学方法等[2627]。尽管这些技术具有良好的准确性和特异性,但往往需要复杂的样品预处理措施和昂贵的设备,其应用仍有一定的局限性。因此,一种简便、低成本、高特异性的Cu2+检测平台仍有待开发。

在本文中,我们开发了基于壳聚糖的反蛋白石结构Cu2+印迹水凝胶微球(IIHBs)用于Cu2+的非标记检测(图1)。壳聚糖是一种天然衍生的聚合物,具有丰富的官能团,可以与各种阳离子形成配位键,因此被广泛应用于诸多领域[2836]。单纯壳聚糖材料也被开发用于结合和去除重金属离子,但选择性很差,不适合用于重金属离子的检测[3739]。相比之下,印迹聚合物是具有印迹位点的材料,可以特异性地与印迹的分子和离子结合[4042]。因此,离子印迹聚合物被广泛用于离子识别和去除[4344]。反蛋白石是一种具有有序微纳孔洞结构的材料,通常通过复制胶体晶体来制备[4553],在传感、催化和组织工程方面已显示出巨大的应用潜力[5461]。此外,反蛋白石由于其独特的微观结构,还具有明亮的结构色。因此,当其与响应性水凝胶结合时,水凝胶对刺激的响应可能导致反蛋白石的颜色变化,这使得反蛋白石水凝胶成为非标签检测的理想传感器。

我们将基于壳聚糖的离子印迹水凝胶与二氧化硅胶体晶体微球(SCCBs)模板结合在一起,建立了一个非标记Cu2+检测平台。壳聚糖、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)和Cu2+的混合物被用作预凝胶来复制SCCBs。通过预凝胶聚合,去除Cu2+和SCCBs模板,得到了具有反蛋白石结构的IIHBs。IIHBs具有良好的球形度和单分散性,结合磁性纳米颗粒后,还具有良好的移动可控性。当IIHBs浸泡在含Cu2+的溶液中时,它们能够识别Cu2+并与之结合,表现出与Cu2+浓度相关的反射峰偏移,并具有良好的特异性和重复性。值得注意的是,我们证明了过量的Cu2+对House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1)细胞的活性有明显的负面影响,揭示了Cu2+检测在听力损失预防中的积极意义。随后,我们通过对自来水中Cu2+的测定证实了IIHBs的实际应用潜力。这些结果表明,本文所提出的IIHBs是一种简便、低成本、高特异性的Cu2+检测平台,有望用于食品和饮用水中Cu2+的检测和听力损失的预防。

2 实验部分

2.1 材料

壳聚糖(脱乙酰度80%~95%,50~800 mPa·s)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA·2Na)、Cu(NO3)2、NaNO3、KNO3、Pb(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2、Zn(NO3)2、Ca(NO3)2和Al(NO3)3购自上海国药试剂公司。2-羟基-2-甲基苯丙酮(HMPP)和PEGDA购自Sigma-Aldrich。戊二醛(GA)、氢氟酸(HF, 40%, V/V)、甲基硅油、二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC·Na)、乙酸购自上海麦克林试剂公司。其他试剂均为分析纯或更高级别纯度,使用前未经任何处理。实验中所用水均经过纯化,电阻率大于18 MΩ·cm。

2.2 SCCBs的制备

根据先前报道的方法制备SCCBs。首先将二氧化硅纳米颗粒分散在水中形成均匀溶液(20%, w/V)。然后将溶液泵入单乳液微流控芯片,并用硅油切割成液滴。这些液滴被收集在一个装有硅油的容器中,并放置在75 ℃的烘箱中过夜。随后用正己烷除去硅油。最后将烘干的微球收集在坩埚中,在800 ℃的马弗炉中煅烧4 h。

2.3 壳聚糖IIHBs的制备

将约200个SCCBs加入到20 μL由壳聚糖(2%, w/V)、Cu(NO3)2和PEGDA (15%, w/V)组成的预凝胶溶液中浸泡6 h,然后在紫外线下聚合10 s,GA处理4 h,然后将微球从水凝胶中分离出来,在EDTA·2Na溶液(2%, w/V)中孵育3 h。最后用HF (2%, w/V)处理2 h。非印迹水凝胶微球(NIHBs)制备方法与上述步骤相同,但不含Cu(NO3)2

2.4 IIHBs用于Cu2+检测

在用于检测前,首先测量IIHBs和NIHBs的反射光谱,然后将其浸于3 mL不同浓度的Cu(NO3)2溶液中(0, 1 nmol∙L‒1, 10 nmol∙L‒1, 102 nmol∙L‒1, 103 nmol∙L‒1, 104 nmol∙L‒1, 105 nmol∙L‒1, 106 nmol∙L‒1)孵育2 h。最后,将IIHBs和NIHBs轻缓冲洗后,再次测量其反射光谱。每组均测量5颗IIHBs和NIHBs微球。

2.5 IIHBs的选择性

在用于检测前,首先测量IIHBs的反射光谱,然后将其浸于3 mL不同离子的溶液中(105 nmol∙L‒1)孵育2 h。最后,将IIHBs轻缓冲洗后再次测量其反射光谱。每种溶液均测量5颗IIHBs微球。

2.6 IIHBs的定量分析

将DDTC·Na溶液与不同浓度的Cu(NO3)2溶液混合反应10 min,检测溶液在452 nm处的吸光度,得到Cu2+的标准曲线。取300 μL IIHBs和300 μL NIHBs分别在5 mL Cu(NO3)2(200 μmol∙L-1)溶液中孵育3 h。取50 μL上清液加入到50 μL DDTC·Na溶液(400 μmol∙L-1)和100 μL氨溶液(pH 9.0~9.2)的混合液中反应10 min,在452 nm处测定吸光度。每个实验均重复5次。

2.7 Cu2+对HEI-OC1细胞的生物毒性

将HEI-OC1细胞与含有0、20 μmol∙L-1、50 μmol∙L-1、100 μmol∙L-1、200 μmol∙L-1和300 μmol∙L-1 Cu2+的培养基在12孔板上共培养。孵育1 h和6 h后,在培养液中加入1 μL∙mL-1的钙黄绿素(Calcein-AM)和碘化丙啶(PI),孵育30 min。将HEI-OC1细胞加入96孔板,分别在含有0、20 μmol∙L-1、50 μmol∙L-1、100 μmol∙L-1、200 μmol∙L-1和300 μmol∙L-1 Cu2+的培养基中培养。孵育1 h和6 h后,按照厂家说明书使用细胞计数试剂盒-8(CCK-8)处理细胞,在450 nm处用微孔板读取吸光度。

2.8 对自来水中Cu2+的检测

采用标准加样法测定自来水中的Cu2+浓度。在检测前,首先测量IIHBs的反射光谱。之后,将它们在3 mL含有不同浓度Cu2+(分别为1 µmol∙L-1、5 µmol∙L-1、10 µmol∙L-1、50 µmol∙L-1和100 µmol∙L-1)的溶液中孵育2 h。最后,将IIHBs轻缓冲洗后再次测量其反射光谱。各浓度组均测量5颗IIHBs微球。

3 结果与讨论

在实验中,我们采用微流控技术制备模板SCCBs [6269]。微流控技术是一种可靠的微流体操纵技术,可以生成尺寸均匀的微粒和纤维[7072]。我们首先将二氧化硅纳米颗粒分散在水中形成胶体溶液,作为单乳液微流控芯片的内相,硅油作为外相。当微流控系统运行时,外相将内相切割成液滴,收集在装有硅油的容器中。经过干燥和煅烧后,纳米颗粒自组装成SCCBs。由于微流体的精确控制,SCCBs表现出良好的单分散性(见附录A中的图S1)。为了获得IIHBs,我们使用含有CS、Cu2+和PEGDA的预凝胶溶液来复制SCCBs的微观结构。研究表明,壳聚糖可以通过配位键和静电相互作用与Cu2+结合形成复杂的结构,然后与GA交联形成壳聚糖水凝胶。然而,纯壳聚糖水凝胶往往易碎,弹性差,并且所得的IIHBs结构色不明显。因此,我们在预凝胶溶液中加入PEGDA,聚合后形成柔软的水凝胶网络,改善了所得IIHBs的光学性能。将SCCBs置于预凝胶溶液中孵育时,溶液填充微球的纳米空隙,聚合后得到SCCBs/水凝胶复合微球。在EDTA·2Na和氢氟酸(HF)处理后,可以去除Cu2+和二氧化硅模板,从而获得IIHBs [7374]。

我们通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察微球的微纳结构,结果如图2所示。可以发现,二氧化硅纳米颗粒在SCCBs表面紧密排列[图2(a)],并一直延伸到微球内部[图2(b)]。纳米颗粒之间形成的许多纳米空隙允许水凝胶预聚物溶液灌注填充,聚合后形成二氧化硅/水凝胶复合微球[见附录A中的图S2(a)]。IIHBs由复合微球去除二氧化硅模板后得到。然而,由于壳聚糖水凝胶的机械强度较差,往往会导致微观结构的崩溃[见附录A中的图S2(b)]。因此,我们使用高浓度的交联剂作为替代形成反蛋白石结构。如图2(c)和2(d)所示,反蛋白石微球的表面和内部呈现有序贯穿的微孔结构,表明IIHBs成功复制并继承了SCCBs的微观结构。

微球独特的微纳结构可形成光子带隙,抑制特定频率光的传播并将其反射以显示相应的结构色。一般情况下,反射光谱的峰值位置λ可以用Bragg-Snell定律估计:

λ = 1.633 d n a v e r a g e

式中,d为相邻的纳米颗粒或纳米孔中心到中心的距离;n average为整个微球的平均折射率。因此通过改变dn average,可以调整微球的结构色。在本研究中,由于微球的组成成分和周围溶液环境的变化可以忽略不计,所以n average相对稳定,结构颜色主要依赖于d。如图3(a)、附录A中的图S3和图S4所示,不同尺寸的二氧化硅纳米颗粒形成了具有不同结构色的SCCBs。此外,从SCCBs衍生的复合微球和IIHBs显示出与SCCBs相应的颜色[图3(b)、(c)]。一般来说,复合微球与SCCBs具有相同的d,但n average略高,这导致颜色轻微的红移。相比之下,IIHBs的n average较低,因此表现出明显的蓝移。

值得注意的是,IIHBs的密度与水接近。因此,为了实现IIHBs与溶液的快速分离,我们利用磁性纳米颗粒对IIHBs进行功能化,以赋予IIHBs磁控运动性能。如图4和附录A中的视频S1所示,将磁功能化的IIHBs放置在培养皿的一侧,当从培养皿的另一侧施加磁场时,IIHBs表现出出色的响应性,并沿磁场方向快速移动。该结果表明,利用磁场可以快速富集和分离IIHBs,从而节省收集IIHBs的时间。

当IIHBs孵育于含Cu2+的溶液中时,它们与Cu2+结合并表现出反射光谱的变化。如图5所示,在Cu2+溶液中,IIHBs呈现红移,且红移随Cu2+浓度的增加而增大。此外,与NIHBs相比,IIHBs的光谱位移十分明显,表明这种位移是由印迹位点与Cu2+相互作用引起的。因此,只需测量IIHBs在溶液中孵育前后的反射光谱,即可实现对Cu2+浓度的非标记检测。值得注意的是,虽然Cu2+浓度越高,IIHBs的位移值越大,但NIHBs的位移值也相应增大,说明发生了更多的非特异性吸附。为了保证检测的准确性,IIHBs应在Cu2+浓度低于1 mmol∙L-1的溶液中使用。

随后,我们通过定量分析进一步研究了IIHBs和NIHBs对Cu2+的不同结合能力。DDTC·Na是一种灵敏的铜检测试剂。在pH为9.0 ~ 9.2的氨溶液中,可与Cu2+形成棕黄色配合物,并在452 nm处有明显的吸收峰[附录A中的图S5(a)],且其吸收峰强度与Cu2+浓度呈线性关系[附录A中的图S5(b)]。基于此机理,我们将IIHBs和NIHBs在Cu2+溶液(100 μmol∙L-1)中孵育3 h,分析反应后Cu2+残留浓度。如图6(a)和附录A中的表S1所示,IIHBs和NIHBs对Cu2+表现出了明显的吸附差异,印迹因子为19.14,表明所制备的IIHBs具有良好的特异性。

此外,我们还研究了IIHBs的选择性。为此,我们用100 μmol∙L-1不同阳离子溶液处理IIHBs。结果显示,IIHBs在Cu2+溶液中显示出较大的位移值(15.67 nm),而在其他阳离子溶液中的位移值小于4 nm。这一结果证实了IIHBs对Cu2+的选择性[图6(b)]。

先前的报道表明,过量的Cu2+会产生羟基自由基,诱导毛细胞凋亡,从而导致听力损失。因此,监测饮用水中的Cu2+水平以控制Cu2+的吸收具有重要意义。在实际应用之前,我们先研究了Cu2+对HEI-OC1细胞的影响。如图7(a)、(b)所示,HEI-OC1细胞在不含Cu2+的培养基中正常生长。然而,当培养基中加入Cu2+时,细胞的生存能力明显降低,且降低程度与加入Cu2+的浓度密切相关。细胞活力测定结果与活/死染色结果一致[图7(c)]。这些结果说明Cu2+对HEI-OC1细胞具有明显的毒害作用,因此避免高浓度Cu2+的摄入是预防听力损失的必要条件。为了实现这一目标,我们使用开发的IIHBs来监测食物和饮用水中的Cu2+。在本研究中,我们用IIHBs和标准加样法测定自来水中的Cu2+。如表1和附录A中的图S6所示,溶液中的IIHBs的反射光谱随Cu2+的增加而变化,并表现出了可接受的回收率,同时说明自来水中Cu2+含量很少。这些结果表明,所制备的IIHBs在实际样品中的Cu2+检测中具有良好的应用前景。

4 结论

总而言之,我们开发了一种新型的基于壳聚糖的球形IIHBs,该微球尺寸均匀,具有磁控运动能力,可用于非标记检测水中的Cu2+,从而预防过量的Cu2+摄取及其导致的听力损失。壳聚糖组分可以与Cu2+结合形成印迹位点,而PEGDA则改善了水凝胶的力学性能。IIHBs可以特异性结合Cu2+,并表现出反射光谱的红移,其检测范围可覆盖能对HEI-OC1细胞造成损伤的浓度。我们还通过标准加样法检测了自来水中Cu2+的浓度以评价IIHBs的适用性。这些结果表明,我们所提出的IIHBs在检测水中Cu2+方面具有可行性,有望用于食品和饮用水中Cu2+的检测,进而预防听力损失。

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