苦木素类化合物的抗癌活性研究

陆彩 ,  卢斯枬 ,  狄迪 ,  陶伟伟 ,  樊璐 ,  段金廒 ,  赵明 ,  车镇涛

工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (7) : 34 -47.

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工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (7) : 34 -47. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.11.022
研究论文

苦木素类化合物的抗癌活性研究

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The Anticancer Potential of Quassinoids-A Mini-Review

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摘要

几十年来,苦木素类化合物的抗癌潜力引起了广泛的关注,揭示其在癌症治疗中潜在应用的文献及数据正在不断增加。这些降三萜类化合物除了具有强大的细胞毒性和抗肿瘤特性外,其中一些苦木素类化合物还显示出与抗癌药物的协同作用。本文概述了苦木素类化合物的潜在抗癌特性,包括其细胞毒性和抗肿瘤活性、作用机制、安全性评价以及与抗癌药物联合使用的潜在益处。

Abstract

The anticancer potential of quassinoids has attracted a great deal of attention for decades, and scientific data revealing their possible applications in cancer management are continuously increasing in the literature. Aside from the potent cytotoxic and antitumor properties of these degraded triterpenes, several quassinoids have exhibited synergistic effects with anticancer drugs. This article provides an overview of the potential anticancer properties of quassinoids, including their cytotoxic and antitumor activities, mechanisms of action, safety evaluation, and potential benefits in combination with anticancer drugs.

关键词

苦木素类 / 抗癌潜力 / 抗增殖机制 / 安全性评价 / 与抗癌药物的协同组合

Key words

Quassinoid / Anticancer potential / Antiproliferative mechanism / Safety evaluation / Synergistical combination with anticancer / drugs

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
陆彩,卢斯枬,狄迪,陶伟伟,樊璐,段金廒,赵明,车镇涛. 苦木素类化合物的抗癌活性研究[J]. 工程(英文), 2024, 38(7): 34-47 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2023.11.022

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1 引言

癌症是全球第二大常见死亡病因,占死亡病例的四分之一[1]。随着全球人口的快速增长和老龄化,癌症预计将成为本世纪的主要死亡原因,并成为提高预期寿命的主要障碍[2]。在过去的几十年里,我们在抗击癌症的努力中见证了许多创新发现和突破性成功,尽管这些尝试远非完美。目前,对于大多数癌症患者来说,手术结合化疗或放疗是一线治疗手段[3]。然而,化疗和放疗可能会导致患者遭受各种痛苦、严重的副作用和生活质量下降[4]。为了减轻癌症负担,需要制定更好的预防策略、早期诊断方法、新的治疗方案以及良好的姑息治疗。因此,发现和开发新颖、有效且安全的抗癌策略对于持续抗击癌症至关重要。就化疗而言,寻找抗癌化合物的努力仍在继续。除了合成方法外,天然产物(如植物和微生物代谢物)在历史上对癌症治疗做出了重大贡献,并且至今仍然是具有治疗潜力的生物活性化合物的重要来源[5]。

苦木素类化合物是一类高度氧化和降三萜内酯,仅在苦木科植物中发现[6]。在过去的几十年里,在近500种的这类化合物中,许多已被报道表现出广泛的生物活性,包括强效的细胞毒性和抗肿瘤特性[78]。自20世纪80年代发现鸦胆丁(bruceantin)[9]对乳腺癌和黑色素瘤具有临床潜力[1011]以来,苦木素类化合物的抗肿瘤特性一直吸引着制药和生物医学科学家的关注。本文总结了近几十年来关于苦木素类化合物抗癌相关研究的进展,包括其体外和体内活性、作用机制、安全性评估,以及与临床抗癌药物联合使用的潜在益处。

2 苦木素类化合物的抗癌潜力

2.1 体内外的细胞毒性和抗肿瘤活性

关于苦木素类化合物的细胞毒性和抗肿瘤活性的现有信息见图1 [1249]、表1 [14,16,18,21,2324,27,3233,39,47,5058]和附录A中表S1。下文我们重点介绍一些显著的研究结果。

鸦胆子苦醇(brusatol)因其对多种癌细胞系的强效抗增殖作用而引起了众多药物研究人员的关注。在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)细胞中,鸦胆子苦醇对PC9、H1650、A549和HCC827细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为0.035 μmol∙L-1、0.047 μmol∙L-1、0.028 μmol∙L-1和0.140 μmol∙L-1。特别地,鸦胆子苦醇对PC9和H1650细胞的细胞毒性效力与紫杉醇相当[12]。除了对肺癌细胞的作用外,鸦胆子苦醇对胰腺癌PANC-1和SW1990细胞系的IC50值分别为0.36 μmol∙L-1和0.10 μmol∙L-1,显示出比喜树碱更高的效力[13]。

鸦胆子素A(bruceine A)显著抑制了一组胰腺癌细胞(MIA PaCa-2、SW1990、PANC-1和AsPC-1)的生长,但对对照组细胞(HPED6-C7)相对无毒[14]。同时,它对MIA PaCa-2细胞的选择性(IC50 = 29 nmol∙L-1)似乎高于其他肿瘤类型(MCF-7、A549和HepaRG)[14]。

其他苦木素类化合物也表现出对胰腺癌细胞的细胞毒性活性。例如,从苦木(Picrasma javanica)树皮中分离的苦木素H‐M对PANC-1细胞显示出强效且选择性的抗增殖活性,IC50值范围为3.25~17.41 μmol∙L-1 [15]。与当前一线药物吉西他滨(GEM)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)相比,鸦胆子素D对胰腺癌Capan-1(IC50 = 1.95 μmol∙L-1)、PANC-1(IC50 = 7.33 μmol∙L-1)和Capan-2(IC50 = 2.80 μmol∙L-1)细胞显示出更高的细胞毒性效力,但对非肿瘤性GES-1细胞的毒性远低于GEM和5-FU [16]。

图1(a)~(f)[1249]和附录A中表S1所示,越来越多的证据表明苦木素类化合物对多种癌细胞(包括肝癌和乳腺癌细胞系)具有强效的细胞毒性。尽管许多研究结果是初步筛选数据,但进一步深入研究苦木素类化合物的抗癌潜力是合理的。初步的构效分析表明,大多数IC50值低于100 nmol∙L-1的苦木素类化合物具有共同的结构特征,包括五环C-20骨架、α,β-不饱和酮和烯醇、13-甲氧基羰基以及C13,20-亚甲基氧桥[图1(g)~(h)[1249]和附录A中表S2]。这些特征可能为结构优化、设计强效类似物提供有用的参考。

除了细胞毒性评估外,苦木素类化合物还通过动物模型进行了体内研究(表1),揭示了其显著的抗肿瘤特性。例如,在小鼠原位胰腺癌模型中,鸦胆子素D以1.5 mg∙kg-1腹腔注射(i.p.)的剂量显示出与100 mg∙kg-1 GEM(i.p.)相当的抗肿瘤效果[16]。我们的研究显示,在胰腺癌异种移植模型中,鸦胆子素A(0.5 mg∙kg-1,尾静脉注射)与GEM(25.0 mg∙kg-1,尾静脉注射)具有相似的抗肿瘤活性[14]。

2.2 细胞毒性机制

苦木素类化合物的细胞毒性活性主要与三种机制相关,即细胞凋亡、细胞周期阻滞以及上皮-间质转化(EMT)程序的参与。

2.2.1 诱导细胞凋亡

苦木素类化合物诱导的细胞凋亡通过三种信号通路触发:内源性(线粒体介导)凋亡通路、外源性(死亡受体介导)凋亡通路以及内质网应激(ERS)反应。许多研究集中于内源性凋亡通路(图2表2 [12,14,16,21,26,29,31,33,3739,43,4648,5864])。

2.2.1.1 内源性凋亡通路

内源性通路,也称为线粒体凋亡通路,伴随着线粒体膜电位(MMP, Δψ m)的降低、细胞色素c(Cyto-c)从线粒体向细胞质的转移以及下游半胱天冬酶(caspases)的激活[65]。鸦胆子素D通过激活线粒体介导的通路诱导癌细胞凋亡[16,21,3738,43,48]。活性氧(ROS)的生成以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)(p38 MAPK)、细胞外调节激酶(ERK)和c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)通路的激活在鸦胆子素D诱导的凋亡中起重要作用。鸦胆子素D可激活NSCLC H460和A549细胞以及乳腺癌MDA-MB-231和MCF-7细胞中的JNK信号通路[3738]。另一项研究表明,鸦胆子素D破坏了β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)与T细胞因子抑制剂(ICAT)之间的直接相互作用,诱导β-连环蛋白降解,进而降低缺氧诱导因子(HIF)-1α的表达,最终损害癌细胞代谢[39]。

我们的研究发现,鸦胆子素A是一种p38α MAPK激活剂,它通过与p38α MAPK的P-loop中的残基Leu171、Ala172、Met179、Thr180和Val183相互作用,在体外和体内显著抑制胰腺癌细胞的生长[51]。此外,鸦胆子素A通过6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶4(PFKFB4)/糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK3β)介导的糖酵解途径,在MIA PaCa-2细胞中诱导了线粒体依赖性细胞凋亡[14]。

鸦胆子苦醇是核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)通路的抑制剂,通过增强Nrf2的泛素化和降解,选择性地降低了Nrf2的蛋白水平[12,59,66]。它还通过JNK/p38 MAPK/核因子κB(NF-κB)/信号转导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)/B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)信号通路,在胰腺癌PANC-1和PATU-8988细胞中诱导了细胞凋亡[60]。值得注意的是,鸦胆子苦醇靶向STAT3介导的线粒体凋亡通路,在多种头颈部鳞状细胞癌中发挥显著作用。分子对接结果表明,鸦胆子苦醇的羟基与SH2结构域的Asn647形成氢键,有利于其与STAT3的相互作用[61]。此外,最近的一项研究表明,鸦胆子苦醇及其类似物通过靶向磷酸肌醇3-激酶γ(PI3Kγ)亚型并抑制PI3K/蛋白激酶B(PKB,也称为AKT)信号通路,增强了治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤的效果[67]。因此鸦胆子苦醇诱导的线粒体凋亡可能主要与抑制Nrf2介导的抗氧化反应有关。

去氢鸦胆苦醇B(dehydrobruceine B)是一种在结构上与鸦胆子苦醇相似的苦木素类化合物,它通过线粒体途径在肺癌(A549和NCI-H292)和胰腺癌(PANC-1和Capan-2)细胞中触发细胞凋亡[16,41]。此外, neosergeolide[26]、鸦胆停醇(bruceantinol)[46]、2-二氢苦木酮(2-dihydroailanthone)[62]和臭椿酮(ailanthone)[29,47]分别诱导了HL-60、MCF-7、U251、Huh7和SGC-7901细胞的线粒体凋亡。此外,臭椿酮通过抑制p23/热休克蛋白90(HSP90)/X射线修复交叉互补蛋白1(XRCC1)通路,诱导碱基切除修复的抑制,从而增强了胃癌细胞(AGS、SNU719和SGC-7901)的凋亡[57]。

2.2.1.2 外源性凋亡通路

外源性凋亡通路由肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和TNF相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)等特定因子刺激,这些因子可以激活caspase-8及其下游的caspase-3 [68]。鸦胆子素D对乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7和MDA-MB-231)的促凋亡作用通过procaspase-3/8的切割以及抗凋亡蛋白B细胞白血病-xL(Bcl-xL)、X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)和存活蛋白(survivin)的下调得到证实[38]。宽缨酮(eurycomanone)——而非宽缨醇(eurycomanol)——抑制了白血病Jurkat和K562细胞中的TNF-α/肿瘤坏死因子受体1(TNFR1)/TNF受体相关因子2(TRAF2)/转化生长因子β激活激酶1(TAK1)/IκB激酶α(IKKα)/NF-κB/p60/p65信号通路及上游MAPK信号通路[63]。与宽缨醇相比,宽缨酮的α,β-不饱和酮在抑制NF-κB中发挥了重要作用[63]。类似地,宽缨酮抑制了人非小细胞肺癌A549和Calu-1细胞中AKT/NF-κB信号的激活[31]。NF-κB通路的失活可能是宽缨酮诱导外源性凋亡的关键。

2.2.1.3 内质网应激反应

肿瘤细胞常常暴露于改变蛋白质稳态的内在和外部因素,从而产生内质网应激[69]。宽缨酮处理导致人肺癌A549细胞中内质网蛋白28(ERp28)下调[64]。ERp28是内质网蛋白29(ERp29)的前体,ERp29是内质网(ER)中的一种可溶性蛋白,参与分泌蛋白的产生。它在多种癌症中过表达,被认为通过支持上皮-间质相互作用促进肿瘤的生长和发展[70]。因此,对该蛋白表达的抑制表明宽缨酮也可能靶向内质网机制。

2.2.2 细胞周期阻滞

大多数细胞毒性药物通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡实现抗癌作用,而细胞周期分析是评估抗癌效果的关键指标[7172]。如图3表3所示[12,14,16,23,26,29,31,33,38,41,44,4748,6263],大多数苦木素类化合物被发现可在G0/G1期诱导细胞周期阻滞。其中,neosergeolide时间和剂量依赖性地增加了HL-60细胞中sub-G0/G1峰的比例[26]。用2-二氢苦木酮处理的U251细胞也被阻滞在G0/G1期[62]。鸦胆子苦醇对PC6细胞的抑制作用也与G0/G1期的细胞周期阻滞密切相关[12]。据报道,宽缨酮和宽缨醇以时间和剂量依赖性的方式在K562和Jurkat细胞周期中引起sub-G1期阻滞[63]。鸦胆丁的处理导致多发性骨髓瘤癌症干细胞在G1期积累[44]。关于鸦胆子素D,在剂量和时间依赖性处理后,观察到sub-G1期乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7和MDA-MB-231)数量显著增加[38]。鸦胆子素D还剂量依赖性地增加了Capan-2细胞中sub-G1期的发生[48]。相比之下,鸦胆子素A通过降低MIA PaCa-2细胞中细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4(CDK4)、CDK6和细胞周期蛋白D1的表达促进G1期细胞周期阻滞,而PFKFB4过表达显著逆转这种表达的下降[14]。

也有报道描述了苦木素类化合物诱导的G1/S、S和G2/M期细胞周期阻滞。例如,臭椿酮通过上调p21的表达并下调细胞周期蛋白D和E以及CDK2、CDK4和CDK6的表达,显著地将肝细胞癌Huh7细胞阻滞在G1/S期[47]。去氢鸦胆苦醇B在A549和NCI-H292细胞中诱导了S期细胞周期阻滞[41]。鸦胆子苦醇在Hep-2细胞中引发了S期细胞周期阻滞[23]。鸦胆子素D在PANC-1和Capan-2细胞中以剂量和时间依赖性的方式引起S期阻滞[16]。在鸦胆子苦醇处理的CNE-1细胞中,细胞周期蛋白D1、细胞周期蛋白B1、细胞分裂控制蛋白2(Cdc2)和细胞分裂周期蛋白25c(Cdc25c)的蛋白水平均下降,而p-Cdc2的蛋白水平升高,导致G1/S和G2/M期阻滞[33]。宽缨酮在A549细胞中引起G2/M期阻滞,在Calu-1细胞中引起S期阻滞[31],而暴露于臭椿酮的SGC-7901细胞在G2/M期表现出细胞周期阻滞增加[29]。

2.2.3 上皮-间质转化(EMT)程序

EMT在癌症进展、转移和耐药性中起关键作用。经历EMT的细胞可能表现出上皮基因(如E-钙黏蛋白)表达水平的降低和间质基因(如N-钙黏蛋白和波形蛋白)表达水平的增加[73]。苦木素类化合物介导的EMT程序总结于图4表4 [12,23,25,32,38,57,74]。鸦胆子苦醇通过下调间质生物标志物(N-钙黏蛋白和波形蛋白)、MMP2和MMP9,并上调上皮生物标志物E-钙黏蛋白,在体内和体外抑制了肝癌Bel7404细胞中EMT的激活[32]。鸦胆子苦醇还显著抑制了PC9细胞的迁移能力[12]。它通过使PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路失活抑制了人胃癌SGC-7901细胞中脂多糖诱导的EMT [25],并通过阻断JAK2/STAT3信号介导的EMT抑制了喉癌Hep-2细胞的增殖和转移[23]。

乐园树酮(glaucarubinone)通过抑制MMP活性(MMP2和MMP9)并抑制MAPK/Twist1通路,在Huh7细胞中表现出抗迁移和抗侵袭作用[74]。鸦胆子素D抑制了MCF-7和MDA-MB-231细胞系的迁移[38]。臭椿酮抑制了胃癌细胞系(包括AGS、SNU719和SGC-7901)的迁移和侵袭[57]。

总的来说,苦木素类化合物的凋亡特性已在多种癌细胞系中得到证实,尽管其确切作用机制仍需进一步阐明。有待未来的化学修饰研究,开发能够靶向与癌症相关的特定信号通路的分子。

3 苦木素类化合物的安全性评估

总体而言,苦木素类化合物对人类正常细胞表现出轻微的细胞毒性,并且在小鼠中未显示出明显的器官毒性。例如,鸦胆子素D(表5 [16,21,26,37,48])对正常人GES-1细胞的IC50大于487.33 μmol∙L-1,表明其毒性远低于一线药物吉西他滨(0.49 μmol∙L-1)和5-氟尿嘧啶(12.76 μmol∙L-1)[16]。鸦胆子素D还对非肿瘤性肝细胞WRL68和胰腺祖细胞表现出适度的细胞毒性,IC50值分别为276.56 mmol∙L-1和162.48 mmol∙L-1 [48],并且在人脐静脉EA.hy926(IC50 = 164.6 μmol∙L-1)和HUVECs(IC50 = 98.7 μmol∙L-1)中未显示出明显的毒性[21]。此外,鸦胆子素D对正常肺上皮BEAS-2B细胞(48 h, IC50 = 4.7 μmol∙L-1)的细胞毒性作用远低于对非小细胞肺癌细胞的作用[37]。

文献中的动物数据也表明某些苦木素类化合物的相对无毒性。例如,在携带肿瘤的BALB/c裸鼠中,使用鸦胆子苦醇(2.0 mg∙kg-1)、鸦胆子素D(1.5 mg∙kg-1、3.0 mg∙kg-1和40.0 mg∙kg-1)或鸦胆丁(1.0 mg∙kg-1和2.0 mg∙kg-1)治疗后,未观察到明显的器官毒性或血液生化标志物的显著差异[16,18,21,2324,3233,50](表6 [14,16,18,21,2324,3233,47,5051,57])。重要的是,基于生物发光测试的结果,未观察到小鼠远处器官转移的迹象[16]。据报道,臭椿酮在2~15 mg∙kg-1剂量下在BALB/c裸鼠中未显示出明显的器官毒性[47,57]。此外,鸦胆子素A治疗(通过尾静脉注射或腹腔注射,剂量高达4 mg∙kg-1)在荷瘤小鼠中未引起明显的器官毒性[14,51]。

4 苦木素类化合物与临床抗癌药物联合使用的潜在益处

耐药性一直是癌症治疗中的一个令人沮丧的问题。在这方面,苦木素类化合物被发现能够使耐药癌细胞对化疗药物和电离辐射敏感(表7 [24,31,34,50,5253,58,7579])。研究数据表明,持续高水平的Nrf2促进癌症形成并导致化疗耐药[8081]。在基础条件下,Nrf2依赖性转录被负调节因子Keap1抑制[82]。然而,当细胞暴露于氧化应激、亲电试剂或化学预防剂时,Nrf2逃脱了Keap1介导的抑制并激活抗氧化反应元素依赖性基因表达,以维持细胞氧化还原稳态[82]。Keap1-Nrf2分子复合物有助于调节增强细胞生存的防御机制。将该Keap1-Nrf2调节通路的元素作为干预靶点具有强大的潜力[83]。鸦胆子苦醇是一种独特的Nrf2抑制剂[60],能够使多种癌细胞和异种移植瘤对化疗药物敏感。鸦胆子苦醇与顺铂联合使用,在肺癌A549细胞和A549异种移植瘤中诱导凋亡、减少细胞增殖并抑制肿瘤生长的效果显著优于单独使用顺铂[53]。类似地,鸦胆子苦醇增强了吉西他滨在胰腺癌细胞和PANC-1异种移植瘤中的细胞毒性效果[75]。此外,鸦胆子苦醇与索拉非尼联合使用,可通过降低Nrf2蛋白水平,在肝OR6细胞中表现出更强的细胞毒性活性[76]。鸦胆子苦醇还通过抑制Keap1/Nrf2/Nqo1信号通路减轻了结直肠癌负担并提高了伊立替康治疗的效果[52]。最近的一项研究表明,鸦胆子苦醇/阿糖胞苷联合治疗通过Nrf2介导的糖酵解产生了协同抗急性髓性白血病的效果[24]。总的来说,鸦胆子苦醇似乎能够通过抑制Nrf2介导的防御机制增强化疗的疗效。

耐药性和转移的一个共同特征是对凋亡的强烈抵抗[84]。这表明凋亡通路失调可能是化疗耐药发展的关键决定因素[85]。鸦胆子苦醇通过内源性和外源性凋亡通路协同增强了顺铂对结直肠癌CT-26细胞的抗癌作用[77]。它还通过ROS介导的抑制雷帕霉素复合物1(mTORC1)信号通路提高了卡麦角林对垂体腺瘤的疗效[58]。此外,鸦胆子苦醇与吉西他滨或5-氟尿嘧啶联合治疗,通过调节EMT标志物(E-钙黏蛋白和波形蛋白)的表达中断了胰腺癌细胞(PANC-1和Capan-2)的转移特性[50]。类似地,鸦胆子苦醇与紫杉醇联合使用抑制了三阴性乳腺癌细胞的转移潜能[34]。

其他苦木素类化合物也被证明在增强临床药物(包括在耐药情况下)的效力方面具有活性。例如,去氢鸦胆苦醇B通过调节线粒体凋亡通路增强了顺铂在肺癌A549细胞中的细胞毒性[78]。乐园树酮通过ROS依赖性和p53介导的凋亡信号通路激活抑制ABC转运蛋白,使人口腔癌KB细胞对紫杉醇敏感[79]。宽缨酮通过内源性凋亡通路AKT/NF-κB使非小细胞肺癌细胞对顺铂敏感[31]。最近的一项研究表明,鸦胆丁靶向HSP90以克服去势抵抗性前列腺癌中对激素治疗的耐药性[18]。此外,臭椿酮靶向共伴侣蛋白p23并阻止雄激素受体(AR)与HSP90的相互作用,从而克服了去势抵抗性前列腺癌中MDV3100(AR拮抗剂)的耐药性[86]。

有趣的是,鸦胆子苦醇与电离辐射联合治疗通过促进ROS产生和增加DNA损伤克服了肺癌A549细胞的放射抗性[87]。由二硫键连接的泊洛沙姆-亚油酸组成的氧化还原敏感胶束提高了鸦胆子苦醇在Bel-7402和MCF-7细胞中的细胞毒性效率[88]。目前的证据揭示了苦木素类化合物与临床抗癌药物联合使用,以克服临床耐药性的潜在益处,因而有必要进行进一步的研究。

5 结论和未来展望

尽管生物医学技术取得了进展并发明了新的治疗方式,但使用细胞毒性化合物的化疗仍然是当今癌症治疗的主流选择。然而,这些化疗药物的严重副作用往往会降低临床疗效。因此,始终需要寻找具有更高疗效和(或)更好耐受性的新药物。

天然产物在癌症治疗中发挥了关键的历史作用(例如长春花生物碱和紫杉醇),植物代谢物库仍然是一个可行且丰富的生物活性物质来源,具有巨大开发潜力。与许多合成化合物相比,这些物质通常具有更有利的结构特征,如更多的sp3碳原子、更多提供氢键供体和受体的氧原子、更高的亲水性和更大的分子刚性。苦木素类化合物具有这些结构特性。因此,越来越多的证据表明苦木素类化合物是抗癌药物开发的潜在候选者。文献展示了鸦胆子苦醇、鸦胆子素A和鸦胆子素D的抗增殖效力和选择性,此外,它们的体内疗效与临床抗癌药物喜树碱、吉西他滨和5-氟尿嘧啶相当。预期一旦需要进行结构优化,这些生物活性化合物的核心结构[图1(h)]可以作为结构原型。

持续高水平的Nrf2已被证明促进癌症形成并导致化疗耐药[8081],而凋亡通路的失调可能是肿瘤细胞化疗耐药发展的关键决定因素[85]。现有证据表明苦木素类化合物(如鸦胆子苦醇)作为当前化疗方案的辅助剂,可能通过Nrf2抑制和(或)凋亡调节发挥作用,需进一步研究以阐明其确切机制。此外,鸦胆子苦醇通过内源性和外源性凋亡通路协同增强了多种临床抗癌药物(即顺铂、紫杉醇、吉西他滨、5-氟尿嘧啶、卡麦角林和阿糖胞苷)的抗肿瘤作用。这些发现表明鸦胆子苦醇与临床抗癌药物联合使用的潜在益处。

总之,尽管苦木素类化合物的详细作用机制尚未完全阐明,但这类天然化合物已明确显示出有前景的抗增殖特性,值得进一步研究。此外,通过化学修饰优化苦木素类化合物(如鸦胆子苦醇、鸦胆子素A、鸦胆子素D、鸦胆丁)的药理特性,可能会开发出更具活性且毒性更低的类似物药物。我们的研究团队已经证明了鸦胆子苦醇、鸦胆子素A和鸦胆子素D的细胞毒性特性[1314,48,51,8990],希望本文能够激发人们对这一独特且特殊的植物代谢物组的进一步研究兴趣。

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