精准营养的未来蓝图与框架

韩天澍 ,  魏巍 ,  姜文博 ,  耿一丁 ,  刘子杰 ,  杨瑞明 ,  金辰润 ,  雷雅婷 ,  孙心怡 ,  徐佳旭 ,  陈娟 ,  孙长颢

工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11) : 18 -28.

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工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11) : 18 -28. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.020
研究论文

精准营养的未来蓝图与框架

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The Future Landscape and Framework of Precision Nutrition

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摘要

精准营养学的概念已提出近十年。目前,精准营养学研究主要聚焦于阐明个体对饮食应答反应的差异,但缺乏针对精准营养学的整体框架与发展脉络的全面梳理。本文首先追溯了营养学的历史发展轨迹,旨在剖析营养学在慢性非传染性疾病高发的新疾病谱背景下所面临的挑战。同时,本文将精准营养学领域分解为四个关键组成部分:提出个体化营养需求表型理论、建立精准测量膳食摄入和机体营养状况精准评价方法、设计涵盖“吃什么、怎么吃以及何时吃”多维度的营养干预策略以及构建基于人工智能的信息集成平台,打通科研成果向医疗实践转化的路径。在整合这四个组成部分的基础上,本文进一步探讨了前瞻性研究方向,以实现通过精准营养改善健康的目标。

Abstract

The concept of precision nutrition was first proposed almost a decade ago. Current research in precision nutrition primarily focuses on comprehending individualized variations in response to dietary intake, with little attention being given to other crucial aspects of precision nutrition. Moreover, there is a dearth of comprehensive review studies that portray the landscape and framework of precision nutrition. This review commences by tracing the historical trajectory of nutritional science, with the aim of dissecting the challenges encountered in nutrition science within the new era of disease profiles. This review also deconstructs the field of precision nutrition into four key components: the proposal of the theory for individualized nutritional requirement phenotypes; the establishment of precise methods for measuring dietary intake and evaluating nutritional status; the creation of multidimensional nutritional intervention strategies that address the aspects of what, how, and when to eat; and the construction of a pathway for the translation and integration of scientific research into healthcare practices, utilizing artificial intelligence and information platforms. Incorporating these four components, this review further discusses prospective avenues that warrant exploration to achieve the objective of enhancing health through precision nutrition.

关键词

精准营养 / 个性化营养 / 膳食测量 / 膳食干预 / 框架

Key words

Precision Nutrition / Individualization nutrition / Dietary measurement / Dietary intervention

引用本文

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韩天澍,魏巍,姜文博,耿一丁,刘子杰,杨瑞明,金辰润,雷雅婷,孙心怡,徐佳旭,陈娟,孙长颢. 精准营养的未来蓝图与框架[J]. 工程(英文), 2024, 42(11): 18-28 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.020

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1 引言

营养是影响人类健康的关键因素之一,合理的膳食干预被视为预防和治疗慢性非传染性疾病的重要策略[1],特别是在肥胖症[2]、2型糖尿病(T2D)[3]以及心血管疾病(CVD)[4]等领域取得了显著成效。然而,尽管近年来营养学研究发展迅速,但是这些疾病发生的营养归因风险仍然持续增加[56],表明营养学研究出现了瓶颈。这一现状促使营养学专家积极探索可能的解决方案。在过去的十年中,精准营养被认为是突破这一瓶颈的一种关键解决方案[7],其主要是基于大量证据揭示个体对膳食干预的应答反应存在差异[810]。因此,现阶段精准营养学的研究主要集中于揭示个体在膳食应答反应方面的差异。尽管理解这些差异为实现精准营养提供了重要知识基础,但其他与实现精准营养密切相关的关键因素同样不可忽视。目前关于精准营养的综述文章多集中于从不同生物学机制维度探讨个体膳食应答反应差异的研究进展[1113],但是缺乏涵盖精准营养整体框架的综合性综述文章。

事实上,精准营养的领域远不止于探索个体差异,其研究范围包括从膳食摄入的精确测量到基于个体差异开发干预策略的全方位体系。此外,精准营养的实践还需要探索并建立将个性化干预策略有效转化为群体层面应用的实施路径或方法。与此同时,将精准营养实践融入医疗保健系统的过程中,还需大量严格的科学研究和政策制定来支持。因此,本综述旨在总结当前精准营养在上述方面的研究进展,并进一步探讨精准营养未来的发展方向,为通过精准营养改善健康提供理论和实践依据。

2 人类营养研究的历史与当代营养科学面临的挑战

在19世纪,营养学成功地实现了营养缺乏病的预防和治疗,这一期间营养学取得了显著的成就,也被称为营养学的“黄金时期”[14]。在此期间,营养学家确立了经典的营养学研究范式,即通过人为的从实验动物的膳食中剔除某些纯化的营养素,再重新添加,以研究其对健康和疾病的影响。这一研究方式成功地遏制了一系列营养缺乏病,包括坏血病、佝偻病、脚气病、糙皮病、夜盲症及干眼病[15]。然而,从20世纪初至今,人类疾病谱发生了巨大变化,疾病重心已从营养缺乏相关疾病转向包括肥胖症、T2D、CVD和癌症在内的慢性非传染性疾病[16]。在这一阶段,营养科学面临了一系列严峻挑战,主要表现为其许多营养学研究结果往往得出不一致甚至相互矛盾的结论[1720]。因此,营养学迫切需要理解为何营养科学在解决营养缺乏相关疾病方面的成功经验未能在应对慢性非传染性疾病时得以复制,并探讨营养科学应如何发展以应对这一主要挑战。

目前营养学在慢性非传染性疾病防控中面对的挑战可归因于几个可能的原因,其中起源于营养缺乏疾病研究的研究方法和实验模型可能是主要原因。在营养缺乏疾病的背景下,特定疾病与特定营养素之间通常存在明确的因果关系,且往往伴有明确的生理机制;通过在膳食中添加所缺乏的营养素,疾病可以被有效预防或逆转。这种“单一营养素模型”方法强调个别营养素在疾病防控中的重要性,并在应对慢性非传染性疾病的研究中占据主导地位[21]。基于这一框架,研究者试图寻找可能导致慢性非传染性疾病的关键营养素,如钙、镁、锌、维生素D和植物化学物等微量营养素。然而,尽管观察性研究中发现某些营养素可能与慢性非传染性疾病风险相关,但干预性研究(尤其是随机对照试验)的结果往往不一致。例如,观察性研究发现膳食钙摄入低于800 mg∙d-1可能增加肥胖症[2223]、代谢综合征[24]和T2D [25]的风险,但随机对照试验中补充钙对这些疾病的预防效果并不显著,甚至发现高于800 mg∙d-1的钙补充可能增加CVD风险[2629]。此外,与营养缺乏疾病通常由单一且明确的机制引发不同,慢性非传染性疾病的发病机制复杂,涉及多个相互作用的通路,不同个体间同一种慢性非传染性疾病的病理特征差异较大,使得干预目标因人而异。这一复杂性进一步限制了传统单一营养素研究模型的有效性。

其次,人群膳食摄入测量的准确性问题。目前大多数饮食与健康的证据来源于观察性研究,而这些研究对膳食摄入的测量主要依赖基于回忆的膳食评估方法。然而,这些方法固有的偏倚显著影响了研究结果的可靠性[30]。一些研究者甚至质疑过去50年中基于自我报告膳食数据的研究结论是否具有科学依据[3133]。因此,改进膳食摄入测量方法以提高研究数据的可靠性是当前营养研究的关键任务之一。

再次,目前营养研究的另一重要局限在于其主要聚焦于“吃什么”的问题。一些学者提出,营养科学应突破传统单一营养素模型的限制,发展如营养协同模型以及营养几何学等新理论[21,3435]。这些理论强调膳食整体和协同效应对健康的作用,标志着研究范式的进步。然而,目前相关研究仍主要停留在“吃什么”的维度上,而现实世界中,营养科学涉及的维度远不止于此。探索这些常被忽视的维度有望为精准营养干预策略提供更有效的解决方案。

最后,营养学研究缺乏有效、科学的实施路径。当前大部分营养研究成果未能有效转化为公共卫生或临床指南,导致科研与实际医疗实践之间存在显著脱节。因此,亟须建立一条实施路径,将科学研究成果持续、有效地转化为具体的医疗健康实践。

3 精准营养的框架与体系

在新时代背景下,营养学研究的终极目标是提升人群健康水平并减轻慢性非传染性疾病的负担,而实现这一目标需要经过多个环节的协同努力。如图1所示,精准营养的框架包括多个相互关联的核心组成部分。精准营养的基础是准确刻画个体对食物和营养素的反应。在此基础上,其他核心组成部分得以建立。这些组成部分主要包括膳食暴露与机体营养状况的精准测量;解决吃什么、怎么吃和何时吃等问题的多维度营养干预策略的设计;精准营养干预方法的人群层面实施路径以及精准营养相关政策的制定。

4 个体化营养需求表型组学的概念

理解个体化的营养需求是精准营养的基础,因为只有精准把握个体的营养需求,才能制定有效的营养干预方案或指导策略。在本文中,我们引入了“个体化营养需求表型组学”这一概念。虽然这一概念与个性化营养、营养基因组学和营养遗传学等相关术语存在一定的重叠[3638],但它更强调在确定精确营养需求过程中涉及的多方面生物机制。个体化营养需求是一个复杂的系统性过程,受多种生物机制的影响。“个体化营养需求表型组学”主要基于三个关键的生物学部分:基因组学、表观遗传学和肠道微生物组(图2)。单核苷酸多态性(SNP)是调控个体化营养需求的首要生物机制之一。在使用新型饮食策略预防超重(POUNDS)试验[39]中,研究探讨了不同宏量营养素组成对体重减轻的潜在作用。初步结果显示,不同饮食的宏量营养素组成对体重减轻无显著影响。但进一步纳入基因多态性分析后发现,携带胰岛素受体底物1(IRS1)、肥胖基因(FTO)和多功能蛋白聚糖(VCAN)基因变异的个体,在接受低脂饮食时比其他个体减重更多[4041],表明这些基因变异可能在脂肪摄入与体重管理之间起到决定性作用。由此推断,这类基因变异的携带者应避免高脂饮食,以预防肥胖及相关慢性非传染性疾病。过去二十年内,研究发现多种SNP与个体的营养素摄入需求相关,包括钙、维生素D、叶酸和不饱和脂肪酸等[4245]。通过这些SNP信息,可以为宏量和微量营养素制定更精准的个体化营养指导。

然而,随着基因测序技术的进步,基因组关联研究表明,SNP变异仅能解释个体表型差异中的较小部分[4647],大多数个体代谢差异无法通过基因组直接识别。表观遗传学也被证明是调控个体化营养需求的另一重要机制。表观遗传修饰虽可遗传但仍具备可逆性,且不涉及DNA序列本身的改变,其主要包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA的调控等。其中,DNA甲基化是研究最为广泛的表观遗传机制[13],它通过改变转录因子结合能力或招募抑制基因表达的蛋白质调控基因表达与功能。大量证据表明,生命早期营养是表观遗传调控的关键时期。例如,饥荒相关研究显示,生命早期经历饥荒的个体在成年后更易患慢性非传染性疾病[4850],这种关联在膳食质量较低的个体中尤为显著[5152]。饥荒还可能通过表观遗传机制塑造所谓的“节俭基因表型”[53],该表型以较低的能量代谢率和更高的脂肪储存倾向为特征,提示此类个体应避免摄入过量能量以维持健康。因此,在考虑个体营养需求时,必须考虑表观遗传机制的影响。事实上,具体基因,如胰岛素样生长因子II(IGF2)、胰岛素受体(INSR)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1A(CPT1A)等[5456],已被证实对早期营养暴露敏感,其表观遗传修饰可能显著影响成年期的营养需求。

肠道微生物组被认为是决定个体化营养需求的另一个重要机制。肠道微生物通过影响营养物质相关代谢物的生成来调控营养反应。目前研究表明,肠道微生物可解释膳食摄入后约10%的个体差异[57]。一项包含800名参与者的队列研究验证了一种基于血清参数、饮食习惯、生活方式和肠道微生物的个性化餐后血糖预测模型[58]。该模型显著提高了饮食干预降低血糖的效果,强调微生物群的组成和功能是决定个性化营养需求的关键因素。在另一研究中,利用基线肠道微生物特征即可准确预测个体对不同面包种类的血糖反应,其中Coprobacter fastidiosus和Lachnospiraceae菌株3_1_46FAA的相对丰度起关键作用[59]。此外,来自比利时、芬兰和英国的三组针对成年人肥胖的综合研究发现,基线Firmicute菌种的丰度会影响不同膳食干预的效果[60]。另一研究也显示,初始Blautia wexleraeBacteroides dorei丰度较低的个体在低热量饮食中减重效果更佳[61]。此外,Prevotella-to-Bacteroides(P/B)比例的基线水平与富含纤维饮食的减重效果相关[62]。高Prevotella丰度的超重成年人在摄入全谷物和高纤维饮食时的减重效果更好[63]。值得注意的是,肠道微生物多样性与生态系统稳定性呈正相关。研究表明,肠道微生物对减重饮食的响应性与其多样性呈负相关。由于饮食调整可显著影响微生物的组成和功能,因此长期饮食变化对肠道微生物的调控效应不可低估[57]。

5 膳食暴露与营养状况的精准测量

精准营养研究的核心是揭示基因表达与膳食摄入在健康维持和疾病预防中的复杂交互关系。然而,某些关键的营养研究环节往往被忽视。其中,膳食调查是营养研究的基础环节,为获取营养基础数据提供了核心支持。准确的膳食调查对于提供有关营养对健康影响的有力证据至关重要。然而,过去几十年中膳食暴露测量方法的发展相对有限,这在精准营养研究中形成了显著的短板。当前膳食评估方法主要包括24 h膳食回顾、膳食记录和食物频率问卷,这些方法高度依赖自我报告,因此存在显著的回忆偏倚,难以满足精准营养研究的要求。努力提高膳食评估方法的准确性和精确性对于推进该领域的发展至关重要[64]。此外,部分研究表明,受试者可能无意识地调整其不健康饮食习惯,甚至不披露真实的饮食摄入情况,这可能导致不健康食品的摄入被低估,或健康食品的摄入被夸大[65]。同时,参与者在估算食物份量时往往存在困难,个人对份量的解释差异可能导致膳食摄入报告中的不准确性[66]。因此,在精确营养研究中需要更完善、更客观的膳食评估方法。

为解决传统方法的不足,一些新的技术和方法开始在营养学研究中得到应用。互联网膳食调查因传统方法存在时间和依从性问题而应运而生[6768]。参与者可随时随地记录饮食摄入,并利用图片等视觉工具估算食物份量。这种方法在一定程度上提高了调查的准确性,但其仍依赖自我报告,无法完全消除传统调查中的偏倚。

随着人工智能(AI)的发展,研究者开发了基于图像识别的膳食摄入测量方法[6970]。参与者拍摄并上传食物照片,然后利用算法计算食物的份量及营养成分。尽管这一方法相对客观且准确,但对照片质量要求较高,且难以区分包含多种成分的混合食品。

近些年来,一些可穿戴传感器被用于膳食暴露测量[7173]。例如,皮下植入的电化学传感器可通过分析汗液、尿液或血液中的营养素水平进行实时监测。这些传感器通常通过纳米结构、导电聚合物和酶的膜固定化技术得到增强,从而能够定期监测人体营养水平,助力营养测量。这种监测方法虽然在精确性上优于其他测量手段,但其侵入性特质可能降低参与者的依从性。因此,在开发用于膳食评估的可穿戴设备时,如何平衡测量的准确性与参与者的舒适性和依从性仍然是一个挑战。

在膳食摄入的精准测量领域,利用代谢组学分析尿液或血液中的生物标志物是相对有前景的方法。一些成熟的生物标志物已被用于饮食暴露评估,包括盐、蛋白质、蔗糖和果糖摄入量[74]。例如,24小时尿氮被广泛用于验证蛋白质摄入[75],尿液中的蔗糖和果糖浓度则被用于反映膳食糖摄入[7677]。然而,需要注意的是,尽管这些生物标志物被认为更准确且更有价值,但它们主要反映膳食营养模式,而非具体食物的摄入情况。这凸显了开发能够提供更细化个体膳食选择信息的食物摄入生物标志物的持续需求。

最近的研究将膳食生物标志物分为以下几类[78]:①食物化学成分摄入标志物,即不能被吸收或代谢的外源代谢物;②食物摄入标志物,即可被吸收或代谢的内源代谢物;③膳食模式摄入标志物,即反映更广泛膳食模式的外源和内源代谢物;④机体营养状况标志物,即提供长期反映机体营养状况信息的生物标志物。这些生物标志物可以是单一代谢物或代谢物的组合,它们能够有效地指示特定食物或食物类别的摄入情况。更重要的是,这些生物标志物在摄入后表现出明确的时间和剂量反应关系,使其成为膳食评估和精准营养研究中的宝贵工具。目前,已识别出一系列特定食物摄入的生物标志物,可准确反映全谷物、咖啡、鱼类、红肉、含糖饮料等食物的摄入情况(表1)[7994]。此外,膳食生物标志物领域已取得进展,建立了能够反映膳食模式摄入的生物标志物,因为膳食通常由多种食物组成。这些膳食模式生物标志物在评估个体整体膳食质量方面可能比单一食物标志物更有用。目前,已经识别出几种膳食模式的生物标志物,包括西方膳食模式和地中海饮食模式或健康饮食模式[9597]。

然而,需要注意的是,尽管生物标志物的识别为评估膳食摄入提供了一种更精确的方法,但这一领域尚未建立统一的共识性指南或操作规范。目前,已经制定了一些标准来指导膳食摄入生物标志物的筛选[98]:

(1)剂量反应关系:生物标志物的水平与膳食摄入之间应存在明确且可验证的剂量反应关系。

(2)时间反应关系:了解生物标志物与饮食摄入之间的时间反应关系对于了解生物标志物对膳食摄入的响应时间及其可检测的持续时间至关重要。

(3)稳定性:饮食生物标志物应具有稳定性,且降解程度低,以反映长期膳食摄入。

(4)性能参数:包括准确性、敏感性和特异性在内的性能指标需得到充分验证。

(5)可重复性:饮食生物标志物的结果需在不同场景和人群中具有高度重复性。

6 有效的膳食干预策略

膳食干预是精准营养的核心组成部分,特别是在预防慢性非传染性疾病方面。然而,当前用于慢性非传染性疾病预防的精准膳食干预策略仍然相对有限,亟需更精确和综合的干预方法。许多膳食干预方法强调补充特定的营养素。观察性研究揭示了矿物质、维生素及植物化学物与慢性非传染性疾病风险的相关性,为建立饮食干预方法提供了基础。然而,干预性研究的结果与观察性研究之间常出现冲突[99100]。这提示我们,在将观察性研究证据转化为实际的干预策略时,仅仅以单一营养素为中心的饮食干预策略可能效果欠佳。一些研究还发现,某些单一食物或营养素与慢性非传染性疾病的相关性可能因其他膳食成分的交互作用而改变[101102]。这种复杂性表明,仅依赖单一营养素的干预策略可能无法有效应对慢性非传染性疾病的多维特性。

鉴于膳食是由多种食品和营养素组成的混合化合物,膳食模式被提出,可以用来反映食品和营养素的复杂协同效应。一些膳食模式,如替代健康饮食指数(AHEI)、控制高血压饮食法(DASH)、地中海饮食等,已被证明在慢性非传染性疾病的预防和治疗中具有更高的有效性[103106]。然而,这些模式通常要求个体精心选择每日饮食,导致依从性较低[107109]。因此,开发更具可操作性和灵活性的饮食模式策略仍然是当前的研究重点。

更重要的是,精准营养干预传统上主要集中于调控膳食摄入,本质上解决“吃什么”的问题。然而,在制定更精确的膳食干预策略时,还应考虑其他关键维度[110]。其中一个被忽视的重要维度是烹饪方法,即“怎么吃”的问题。现有许多关于特定食物健康影响的证据大多来自观察性研究,这些研究通常未考虑烹饪方法的影响。然而,最近一项随机对照临床试验揭示了烹饪方法的重要性。例如,该试验表明,即使参与者摄入相同的食物和营养素,不同的烹饪方法(如针对肉类)也会对健康产生显著不同的影响[111]。这凸显了在精准营养干预中纳入“怎么吃”这一维度的重要性,从而制定更准确且有效的策略。

此外,一些研究强调了每日膳食摄入的数量和质量的重要性,同时指出摄入时间在维持健康方面也起着关键作用[112]。这为制定膳食干预方法引入了另一个重要维度。针对摄入时间的干预可能是一种更易于实施的健康管理方法,因为这类干预无需个体改变每日摄入的数量和质量,而是关注调整与时间相关的膳食行为,从而实现健康目标。一种与摄入时间相关的新兴膳食干预方法是限时进食(time-restricted feeding, TRF)[113],其目的是延长每日禁食时长。越来越多的干预试验表明,延长每日禁食时间可以显著改善代谢功能,缓解炎症和氧化应激[114116]。这表明,针对摄入时间的干预对健康结局具有重要影响,并为精准营养提供了一种替代策略。

除了TRF之外,与摄入时间相关的另一种有前景的膳食干预方法是时序营养学(chrono-nutrition),其建立在生物节律原理的基础上。与TRF不同,时序营养学并不主要关注每日禁食时间的长短,而是强调每日食物摄入的时间和顺序与生物节律的对齐程度。食物摄入与生物节律的对齐程度越高,对身体代谢和整体健康的影响越有利[101]。相反,食物摄入与生物节律的不一致可能增加多种疾病的风险。观察性研究显示,不同膳食模式、特定食物、宏量营养素、矿物质、维生素和植物化学物的摄入时间会对健康产生不同的影响[117127]。这些发现强调了在精准营养干预中将食物摄入时间作为一个关键维度的重要性,以优化健康结局。基于这些研究,总结了当前关于特定食物和营养素最佳摄入时间的指南(图3)。以下是其概要:

(1)每日能量摄入量分配:早餐、午餐和晚餐的能量分配比例应为4∶4∶2 [118120]。

(2)动物性食物和水果建议在白天摄入[122]。

(3)全谷物、蔬菜、乳制品以及维生素和矿物质补充建议在晚餐时摄入[124127]。

研究表明,胰岛素分泌、胰岛素敏感性、脂肪分解、胰高血糖素分泌以及其他与能量代谢相关的激素分泌在白天逐渐增加,夜间逐渐减少[128132]。因此,白天高能量摄入、夜间低能量摄入符合这些激素的节律,有助于维持身体的内稳态。而白天低能量摄入、夜间高能量摄入则与这些激素的节律不一致,可能增加患慢性非传染性疾病的风险。此外,研究发现,利用蔬菜或全谷物中的膳食纤维生成短链脂肪酸的肠道细菌丰度在夜间增加,并在白天逐渐减少[133]。这表明,在晚餐时摄入更多的蔬菜或全谷物可以增加短链脂肪酸的生成,与这些细菌的生物节律更为契合。另外,血清素和褪黑素的合成通常在晚上被激活[134]。乳制品富含色氨酸[135],在晚餐后摄入较多乳制品可能提供更多色氨酸,用于合成血清素和褪黑素。这种摄入方式与血清素和褪黑素的生物节律更为一致,有助于提高睡眠质量。

晚上摄入膳食矿物质和维生素对健康的有益影响可以通过以下机制得到支持。首先,视交叉上核(SCN)内的核心节律基因Period 1(Per1)是调控生物节律的主节律器[136]。研究表明,细胞外钾离子浓度的降低可能导致膜超极化,从而可逆地抑制Per1的节律性表达[137138]。其次,甲状旁腺激素(PTH)的昼夜节律表现为双相模式:下午晚些时候有一个小但显著的上升,深夜至清晨出现更大、更广泛的上升,并达到高峰[139]。再次,人类DNA切除修复能力在夜间呈上升趋势[140142]。研究表明,不同矿物质和维生素的营养状况参与了上述机制。这些发现表明,晚上摄入矿物质和维生素可能与人体的生物节律更为契合,有助于支持细胞修复、激素调节和整体健康。

因此,这些膳食模式被认为与全身代谢和肠道微生物的生物节律相一致,有助于维持良好的健康状态,并显著降低患慢性非传染性疾病的风险。通过将食物摄入时间纳入精准营养的考虑范畴,个体可以增强膳食干预的有效性,从而实现更优的健康结果。

总之,精准营养干预策略应超越传统对膳食摄入数量和质量的关注,还需纳入对烹饪方法和摄入时间的考量。这种更全面的干预方法在通过营养素预防慢性非传染性疾病方面具有更高的潜力。通过整合这些额外维度,精准营养可以提供更个性化和精细化的膳食干预方案,从而优化健康结局。

7 精准营养在群体层面的实施路径

精准营养干预最理想的实施场景是社区基础医疗机构。然而,尽管精准营养研究取得了一定进展,其大部分成果仍停留在科研机构中,难以转化为基层医疗实践。此外,虽然关于个体化营养需求的研究不断深入,但这些研究成果成功应用于初级医疗实践的案例寥寥无几。其主要原因之一在于“个体化”这一概念难以直接适配群体层面:社区医生或初级医疗工作人员难以为每位居民制定个性化的饮食方案。因此,实现精准营养惠及全体人群的最终目标,需要建立一个在群体层面实施精准营养的有效路径,以便在更大范围内传播和应用精准营养的原则(图4)。

近年来,AI的快速发展为精准营养从个体化向群体层面的转化提供了一种潜在途径。通过结合医疗设备、移动计算和传感器技术,AI可以模拟临床医生的诊断,实现早期干预,并最终聚焦于疾病预防。这种模式的转变有望将医疗从“疾病管理”转向“预防保健”,从而减轻管理庞大患者人群的负担。

一些研究已经开发了能够基于电子健康记录准确预测疾病发展的AI算法[143146]。此外,研究还表明,基于AI的决策支持系统在提升初级医疗中管理慢性非传染性疾病的效果方面具有实用价值[147148]。然而,目前针对AI在精准营养干预中的潜在应用探索仍然较为有限。

未来,开发能够基于基因组学、表观遗传学和肠道微生物组差异捕捉个体化营养需求的AI算法至关重要。此外,应设计基于AI的决策支持系统,用于精准营养干预,并综合考虑饮食结构、烹饪方法和摄入时间等因素。这一发展对于在群体层面实现精准营养至关重要,可使个性化营养建议更广泛地应用于更大规模和多样化的社区,从而提升其可及性和有效性。

8 精准营养学发展展望

精准营养有望解决许多未解的问题,并在群体层面实现精准营养。高通量技术的进步为探索多组学数据在复杂疾病病理生理学和管理中的作用提供了机会。这些丰富且个性化的数据,结合对电子健康记录的访问以及快速发展的计算分析和生物信息学技术,为制定个体化营养需求奠定了基础。

此外,建立准确测量膳食摄入和评估营养状况的方法至关重要。通过整合可穿戴设备、移动设备、AI和稳定的生物标志物,可以实现这一目标。目前,特别是在前瞻性队列研究中,膳食暴露的测量应结合传统方法和新开发的方法,以提供营养与健康关系的可靠证据。同时,应为每个个体制定综合性的膳食干预策略,并基于其独特的营养需求综合考虑“吃什么”“何时吃”和“怎么吃”。此外,未来的营养研究需要考虑不同种族人群的饮食习惯和食物风格。不同种族诱导的代谢表型差异可能导致相同食物产生不同的生物标志物,而不同的饮食习惯也可能需要不同的干预策略。

关于膳食对健康的长期影响,高质量的前瞻性队列研究对营养科学做出了巨大贡献,并将在未来继续作为精准营养研究的重要工具。未来的前瞻性队列研究应包含长期随访、精确的饮食测量和健康终点的多次重复测量,将这些关键的精准营养要素相结合可能为精准营养提供更重要的知识。

最后,通过社区基层医疗工作人员向居民传播这些信息,可以弥合研究与实践之间的鸿沟。这种综合方法有潜力显著减少慢性非传染性疾病快速增长的负担,并缓解医疗系统的压力。然而,与传统营养学研究相比,我们也认识到精准营养四个组成部分的一些局限性,如在群体层面获取组学数据困难、生物样本的重复收集不切实际、长期随访的膳食干预试验难度较高等。我们相信,随着组学数据测量、生物样本收集以及膳食干预试验信息化管理的进步,营养科学将取得巨大进展。因此,我们展望精准营养的未来蓝图,这将为预防和治疗慢性非传染性疾病以及提高生活质量带来希望。

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