全球城市三维结构制图揭示城市垂直维度利用的增强和显著的建筑空间不平等

Xiaoping Liu, Xinxin Wu, Xuecao Li, Xiaocong Xu, Weilin Liao, Limin Jiao, Zhenzhong Zeng, Guangzhao Chen, Xia Li

工程（英文） ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4) : 86-99.

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工程（英文） ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4) : 86-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.025
研究论文
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全球城市三维结构制图揭示城市垂直维度利用的增强和显著的建筑空间不平等

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Global Mapping of Three-Dimensional Urban Structures Reveals Escalating Utilization in the Vertical Dimension and Pronounced Building Space Inequality

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摘要

城市三维建筑结构在制定城市气候减缓政策和促进城市可持续发展方面起着关键作用。遗憾的是，由于数据收集和模型校准过程等方面的困难，目前尚缺乏详细且一致的在全球范围内三维建筑空间数据集。在本研究中，我们在建立全球海量三维建筑样本库的基础上，结合SAR、光学影像、地形信息、建成环境等多源遥感特征，构建了高精度的制图模型，并研制了全球首套500 m分辨率的城市三维建筑结构数据集（GUS-3D），包括建筑体积、高度和占地面积等要素信息。根据该数据产品，我们发现2015年全球建筑总体积超过1万亿立方米。在1985年至2015年期间，三维建筑体积增长幅度略有增加（即从1985-2000期间的166.02 km3增加到2000-2015期间的175.08 km3），而二维建筑占地面积（22.51 × 103 km2 vs. 13.29 × 103 km2）和城市范围（157 × 103 km2 vs. 133.8 × 103 km2）的扩张幅度显著减少，这一趋势突显了城市土地垂直维度利用强度的不断增强。此外，我们发现全球城市间建筑空间供给和不平等存在显著的异质性。这种不平等性在许多人口稠密的亚洲城市中尤为明显，而这一点在以往经济不平等研究中往往被忽视。GUS-3D数据集为发现城市三维扩张规律、评估人均建筑空间提供重要数据支撑，并有望为众多城市相关研究拓展至三维视角的提供可靠的数据基础。

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development. Regrettably, there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes. In this study, we constructed a global urban structure (GUS-3D) dataset, including building volume, height, and footprint information, at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples. Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in 2015 exceeded 1 × 1012 m3. Over the 1985 to 2015 period, we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth (i.e., it increased from 166.02 km3 during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08 km3 during the 2000–2015 period), while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional (2D) building footprint (22.51 × 103 vs 13.29 × 103 km2) and urban extent (157 × 103 vs 133.8 × 103 km2) notably decreased. This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land. Furthermore, we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide. This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities, which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality. The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.

关键词

三维 (3-D) / 全球制图 / 建筑体量 / 建筑高度 / 建筑空间不平等性

Keywords

Three-dimensional / Global mapping / Building volume / Building height / Building space inequality

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Xiaoping Liu, Xinxin Wu, Xuecao Li. 全球城市三维结构制图揭示城市垂直维度利用的增强和显著的建筑空间不平等. Engineering. 2025, 47(4): 86-99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.025

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