Ultrasound-enabled nanomedicine leverages ultrasound to amplify the capabilities of engineered nanosystems, paving the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic breakthroughs in conventional nanomedicine. As a burgeoning discipline, past overviews have sometimes offered a fragmented perspective, lacking a comprehensive view. This review presents a systematic exploration of the latest advancements in ultrasound-enabled nanomedicine, with a particular emphasis on oncology. Covered topics include molecular imaging of tumors, separation of tumor markers, penetration through physiological barriers, perforation of cell membranes, targeted drug release and activation strategies, and an array of sonotherapies for oncological treatments. We delve into the research framework of each topic, the foundational design of the nanosystems, and their associated ultrasound activation mechanisms. Moreover, we highlight recent pivotal research aimed at deepening the reader's understanding of this intricate domain. This review underscores the integration of design and foundational theories within ultrasound-enabled nanomedicine, aspiring to ignite advanced theoretical insights and introduce innovative design paradigms. In conclusion, we outline current challenges and prospective research directions. An enhanced focus on these areas will expedite the advancement of ultrasound-enabled nanomedicine.