不同类型渗滤液中微塑料污染的新见解——丰度、特征和潜在来源

张蕾 , 赵文涛 , 张亮 , 蔡震霄 , 严瑞琪 , 俞霞 , , 隋倩

工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6) : 70 -77.

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工程(英文) ›› 2024, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6) : 70 -77. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.02.008
研究论文

不同类型渗滤液中微塑料污染的新见解——丰度、特征和潜在来源

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New Insights into Microplastic Contamination in Different Types of Leachates: Abundances, Characteristics, and Potential Sources

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摘要

城市生活垃圾(MSW)是废塑料的重要归宿。在垃圾处置过程中,大塑料碎片会被分解成微塑料(MPs)并释放到渗滤液中。然而,现有研究仅关注垃圾填埋场渗滤液,其他类型渗滤液中MPs存在特征尚不清楚。因此,本研究分析了来自中国最大固体废物处置中心的垃圾填埋场渗滤液、干垃圾渗滤液和湿垃圾渗滤液三种类型渗滤液中MPs的丰度及特征。结果表明,不同类型渗滤液中MPs的平均丰度为(129±54) ~ (1288±184) particles·L-1,湿垃圾渗滤液中MPs的丰度最高(p < 0.05)。不同类型渗滤液中聚合物类型具有差异,其中聚乙烯(PE)和碎片分别是所有渗滤液中主要的聚合物类型和形状。此外,条件破碎模型表明,垃圾填埋过程对渗滤液中MPs的尺寸分布有较大影响,垃圾填埋场渗滤液中小尺寸MPs(20~100 μm)所占比例(> 80%)高于其他渗滤液。据我们所知,这是第一个讨论不同类型渗滤液中MPs来源的研究,研究结果有助于MSW处置过程中MPs的污染控制。

Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important destination for abandoned plastics. During the waste disposal process, large plastic debris is broken down into microplastics (MPs) and released into the leachate. However, current research only focuses on landfill leachates, and the occurrence of MPs in other leachates has not been studied. Therefore, herein, the abundance and characteristics of MPs in three types of leachates, namely, landfill leachate, residual waste leachate, and household food waste leachate, were studied, all leachates were collected from the largest waste disposal center in China. The results showed that the average MP abundances in the different types of leachates ranged from (129 ± 54) to (1288 ± 184) MP particles per liter (particles·L−1) and the household food waste leachate exhibited the highest MP abundance (p < 0.05). Polyethylene (PE) and fragments were the dominant polymer type and shape in MPs, respectively. The characteristic polymer types of MPs in individual leachates were different. Furthermore, the conditional fragmentation model indicated that the landfilling process considerably affected the size distribution of MPs in leachates, leading to a higher percentage (> 80%) of small MPs (20-100 μm) in landfill leachates compared to other leachates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study discussing the sources of MPs in different leachates, which is important for MP pollution control during MSW disposal.

关键词

微塑料 / 垃圾填埋场渗滤液 / 干垃圾渗滤液 / 湿垃圾渗滤液 / 来源

Key words

Microplastics / Landfill leachate / Residual waste leachate / Household food waste leachate / Source

Highlight

• Occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in different types of leachates were investigated.

• MP abundances in various leachates ranged from 129 ± 54 to 1288 ± 184 particles·L-1.

• Household food waste leachate had the significantly highest MP abundance.

• The characteristic polymer types of MPs in individual leachates were different.

• Landfilling process largely affected the size distribution of MPs in leachates.

引用本文

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张蕾,赵文涛,张亮,蔡震霄,严瑞琪,俞霞,Damià Barceló,隋倩. 不同类型渗滤液中微塑料污染的新见解——丰度、特征和潜在来源[J]. 工程(英文), 2024, 37(6): 70-77 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2024.02.008

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1 引言

微塑料(MPs)作为一类新污染物,因其广泛存在和对环境的潜在风险而备受关注[12]。微塑料被定义为“尺寸小于5 mm的塑料颗粒”,最早在海洋生态系统中被发现[34]。近年来,在淡水[5]、污水处理厂(WWTPs)[6]、土壤[7]甚至人体胎盘[89]中也发现了MPs。不良的固体废物管理(无管理或管理不善),如随意倾倒和堆放垃圾,是塑料废物进入环境的主要途径之一[10]。据Geyer等[11]估计,如果当前生产活动和废物管理趋势持续下去,到2050年将有约120亿吨塑料废物被丢弃在垃圾填埋场或自然环境中。固体废物处置过程中产生的垃圾填埋场渗滤液是MPs污染的主要来源[1214]。渗滤液中的MPs很容易迁移到其他环境介质中,因为它们在渗滤液中的流动性高于固体废物中的流动性,在垃圾填埋场周围的河流和地下水中检测到高MPs丰度[1517]。Nurhasanah等[16]发现随着垃圾填埋场渗滤液的排入,下游地表水中MPs丰度是上游地表水中MPs丰度的3倍。此外,渗滤液中的MPs可充当重金属、药物和个人护理品以及抗生素抗性基因等其他污染物的载体[1820],加剧渗滤液排放对周围环境的不良影响。

包括中国[12,2124]、印度尼西亚[16,25]和泰国[26]在内的一些国家已经开展了关于垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs污染特征的研究。不同研究报道的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs丰度从小于1 particles·L-1到291 particles·L-1不等[12,16,2131]。除样品自身性质差异外,采用的分析方法不同也是造成结果差异的主要原因之一。在来自同一地点的样品中,针对小尺寸MPs(20 μm)的研究报道的MPs丰度显著高于针对大尺寸MPs(> 50 μm)的研究[2122]。遗憾的是,由于渗滤液样品的复杂性,大多数研究中MPs的最小尺寸仍大于50 μm [1314,3234]。以往研究的另一局限性是滤膜上的颗粒通常随机选取子样本进行鉴定(子采样策略),这可能会因为滤膜上颗粒的不均匀分布以及从子样本中少量MPs颗粒进行外推而导致较大误差[3537]。此外,以往研究主要基于一次采样活动,可能会导致对MPs丰度的高估或低估。为了全面了解渗滤液中MPs污染特征,进行多次采样以及对更宽尺寸范围的MPs进行全面鉴定是至关重要的。

迄今为止,渗滤液中MPs的相关信息仅集中在垃圾填埋场渗滤液[13,33,38]。然而,填埋并不是城市生活垃圾(MSWs)的唯一处置策略。包括中国在内的许多国家都在推行垃圾分类,将MSWs分为有害垃圾、可回收垃圾、湿垃圾和干垃圾。分类后的MSWs通过不同方式进行处理处置。例如,干垃圾通常进行焚烧处理,食物垃圾则被用于资源化利用。因此,除垃圾填埋场渗滤液外,还存在许多其他类型渗滤液,如焚烧渗滤液和食物垃圾渗滤液,它们分别由新鲜的MSWs和食物垃圾堆放产生[3941]。由于缺乏这些渗滤液中MPs的存在情况信息,因此很难估算在采取新的MSW处置策略情况下,渗滤液处理系统原始进水中MPs负荷以及后续处理过程中MPs的去除量。此外,垃圾分类后产生的渗滤液可以更有针对性地分析其潜在来源,可为进一步优化垃圾管理提供参考。因此,迫切需要对不同类型渗滤液中的MPs进行全面研究。

本研究分析了来自中国最大固体废物处置中心的不同类型渗滤液中20~5000 μm尺寸范围的MPs,该中心位于中国第一个实施垃圾分类的城市上海。本研究旨在:①利用优化后的分析方法确定三种类型渗滤液(即垃圾填埋场渗滤液、干垃圾渗滤液和湿垃圾渗滤液)中MPs的赋存特征;②讨论不同类型渗滤液中MPs的潜在来源。据我们所知,这是首次对不同类型渗滤液中MPs污染的研究,研究结果有助于未来MSW处置过程中MPs污染的控制。

2 材料与方法

2.1 样品采集

渗滤液样品在中国上海某固废处置中心采集。该处置中心是中国固废处置能力最大的综合处置基地,每天接收14 500 t MSWs,处理4800 m3渗滤液。从该中心采集了三种类型渗滤液。垃圾填埋场渗滤液L1和L2来自不同填埋年限的垃圾填埋场,填埋年限分别约为16年和8年。垃圾填埋场的详细信息见附录A中的表S1。在2019年实施垃圾分类后,上海实现原生MSW零填埋。干垃圾进行焚烧处理,采集焚烧前产生的新鲜渗滤液并命名为渗滤液L3。湿垃圾被运送至再生能源利用中心。湿垃圾堆放产生的渗滤液经过厌氧处理后与其他类型渗滤液一起被运送至渗滤液处理厂进行处理。采集了厌氧发酵过程中的渗滤液,并将其命名为渗滤液L4。图1展示了垃圾分类前后MSWs的处置方式和渗滤液采样点。

于2021年4月、7月和12月对渗滤液样品(L1~L4, 250 mL)进行采集,每个采样点采集两个平行水样。由于250 mL和1 L样品量之间MPs丰度无显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis test, p > 0.05;见附录A中的图S1)且250 mL样品更方便运输,因此采样量确定为250 mL。水样收集在棕色玻璃瓶中并用铝箔覆盖以避免塑料盖的污染,随后立即运送至实验室进行后续分析。

2.2 MPs提取

使用两个组合的不锈钢筛网(直径为5 cm)对水样进行初筛,筛网尺寸由上至下为150 μm和20 μm。在150 μm和20 μm筛网上收集到的所有固体颗粒分别用250 mL和1000 mL Milli-Q水仔细冲洗到不同烧杯中(见附录A中的表S2)。冲洗水体积是通过回收率试验确定的(见附录A中的文本S1)。在250 mL和1 L烧杯中分别加入约35 mL和15 mL 30% H2O2溶液以去除天然有机物,消解过程至少持续两天,直至没有气泡产生。然后,根据Xu等[21]的研究,使用双滤膜系统对消解完成的水样进行过滤,水样中的颗粒被定制的金属网滤膜所截留,过滤后的金属网滤膜放置在折叠好的铝箔中,并在室温(约25 °C)下干燥。

2.3 MPs鉴定

使用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)显微镜(Spotlight 200i, PerkinElmer, USA)的透射模式对金属网滤膜上的所有颗粒进行检测。光谱是通过在4000~650 cm‒1波长范围内进行16次扫描并取平均值获得的,分辨率为4 cm‒1

将光谱结果与数据库中的标准光谱(即Polymers、Hummel、Poly1、Polyadd1、Polyatr、Rubber和Fibers)进行比较,以确定聚合物类型。匹配度大于70%的结果被认为是可信的,匹配度介于60%~70%之间的结果将根据其吸收频率与已知聚合物类型中化学键的接近程度进行人工核对,匹配度小于60%的结果被去除[42]。

将通过匹配度检查的MPs根据其形状进行分组,分为碎片(不规则厚塑料碎片)、絮状(球形或海绵状质地颗粒)、薄片(薄塑料碎片)、薄膜(透明薄塑料)和纤维(纤维状或长条塑料)。我们还根据MPs颜色进行分类,由于FTIR显微镜对颜色的分辨率相对较低,因此将其分为透明、浅色、深色和特征颜色(蓝色或者红色)四组。

2.4 质量控制与质量保证

通过回收率试验评估分析方法的可靠性。首先,探究了冲洗水体积(即250 mL、500 mL和1000 mL)对MPs提取的影响。具体结果见附录A中的文本S1和表S2,最终分别选择在冲洗150 μm(250 mL: 98.2% ± 0.3%)和20 μm(1000 mL: 97.2% ± 0.5%)筛网时具有高MPs回收率的操作条件。然后,对Xu等[21]研究方法进行了适当修改,研究了整个预处理过程中MPs回收率情况。在渗滤液样品中添加了与环境丰度(200~300 particles·L-1)相当的聚乙烯(PE)MPs(1 g·cm-3, blue; Cospheric, USA)。投加MPs的数量是根据以前报道的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs的结果选择的(见附录A中的表S3)。用于回收率试验的渗滤液样品首先使用玻璃纤维滤纸(GF/F; Whatman, UK)进行过滤,以排除样品中原有MPs的影响。MPs标准品的尺寸分别为27~45 μm、53~106 μm和125~1000 μm,投加到渗滤液中的比例分别约为35%(27~45 μm)、25%(53~106 μm)和40%(125~1000 μm),与其他渗滤液相关研究中发现的MPs尺寸分布相似[24]。最终得到渗滤液样品中MPs回收率为75.7% ± 1.5%(重复次数为3次)。

所有器具(如采样瓶、不锈钢筛网、烧杯和定制的金属网滤膜)在使用前均用乙醇清洗一遍,再用Milli-Q水清洗三遍。实验人员在整个分析过程中都穿戴棉质实验服和丁腈手套,在消解过程中烧杯用铝箔覆盖以避免大气中MPs污染。采用上述相同的分析程序对现场和实验室空白样品进行分析。在所有空白样品中均未发现MP。空白试验和回收率试验结果表明本研究的分析方法是可靠的。

2.5 数据分析

所有图表均使用OriginPro 2023(OriginLab, Northampton, MA, USA)绘制,并使用SPSS 26.0软件(IBM, USA)进行统计分析。使用Kruskal-Wallis检验比较不同类型渗滤液中MPs丰度的差异,使用Tukey检验(方差齐性)或Tamhan T2检验(方差不齐)进行单因素方差分析,确定MPs聚合物类型、尺寸、形状和颜色差异。显著性水平设定为α = 0.05。

利用条件破碎模型分析不同类型渗滤液中MPs的稳定性和尺寸分布,该模型简化后的表达式如式(1)所示[43]。

F ( x ) = 1   -   e - λ x α

式中,x是MPs的尺寸;F(x)是MPs尺寸的累积分布函数(CDF);λα是描述CDF相对位置和形状的系数,分别代表MPs的破碎程度和稳定性(见附录A中的文本S2和图S3)。λ值越高,表明样本中MPs尺寸越小,破碎程度越高。如果α > 1,则MPs破碎成更小尺寸MPs的趋势将会被抑制,而α < 1则表明MPs尺寸会逐渐减小。

3 结果与讨论

3.1 不同类型渗滤液中MPs的丰度

不同类型渗滤液中MPs的丰度在各采样时期无显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis test, p > 0.05)。所有采样活动中不同类型渗滤液中MPs的平均丰度如图2所示,平均丰度在(129 ± 54) particles·L-1 (L2) ~ (1288 ± 184) particles·L-1 (L4)之间,跨越一个数量级。本研究在渗滤液中检测到的MPs的丰度高于针对其他MPs潜在来源(如市政污水、工业污水、农业污水和养殖废水)的研究中所报道的MPs丰度[4447]。例如,Wang等[44]对中国9个WWTPs中尺寸大于或等于16 μm的MPs存在情况进行研究,发现大多数WWTPs中MPs的丰度范围在18~45 particles·L-1之间。本研究检出的MPs的丰度高于或与之前关于垃圾填埋场渗滤液中报道的MPs的丰度(0.06~291 particles·L-1)相当[12,16,2131]。这些比较进一步表明渗滤液是环境中MPs的重要来源之一。

不同填埋年限的垃圾填埋场渗滤液展现出相似的MPs污染水平。填埋年限较短(L2)和填埋年限较长(L1)的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs的丰度分别为(129 ± 54) particles·L-1和(138 ± 67) particles·L-1。这一发现与之前的一项研究结果相矛盾[22]。Su等[22]研究了不同填埋年限垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs的存在情况,结果表明,填埋年限最长的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs的丰度明显低于填埋年限较短的渗滤液。在他们的研究中,检测到的最小尺寸限制在70 μm,远大于本研究中MPs尺寸下限(20 μm)。出现这种结果差异的原因可能是大塑料通常会随着时间的推移破碎成小尺寸MPs(<100 μm),分析方法的限制可能会忽视这类小尺寸MPs,尤其是在填埋年限较长的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中。由于本研究扩大了检测的尺寸范围,可以更全面地了解渗滤液中MPs丰度情况。

湿垃圾渗滤液展现出最高MPs丰度为(1288 ± 184) particles·L-1,分别约是干垃圾渗滤液(L3)和垃圾填埋场渗滤液(L1和L2)的7倍和10倍。由于L4是经过厌氧处理后收集的,而厌氧处理过程可以去除相当数量的MPs [4849],因此有理由认为直接从湿垃圾中收集的渗滤液中含有更多MPs。食物中MPs的广泛来源导致L4中MPs的高丰度。已证实在大米、水果和蔬菜中存在MPs污染[5051]。一次性塑料容器也会导致食物中MPs污染[5253]。湿垃圾中MPs丰度最高,表明食物中MPs污染水平很高,应更加重视食品安全,以降低MPs对人类健康的潜在风险。

3.2 不同类型渗滤液中MPs聚合物类型

在渗滤液样品中共识别出34种聚合物类型,如图3所示。PE和聚丙烯(PP)是最常见的聚合物类型,在所有渗滤液样品中均被检测到,平均百分比分别为32%和24%。相比之下,聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯)(ABS)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)等11种聚合物类型仅在一种类型渗滤液中被发现。

在垃圾填埋场渗滤液中检测到的聚合物类型总数(L1和L2中分别为10种和16种)少于在新鲜渗滤液中检测到的聚合物类型总数(L3和L4中分别为29种和21种)。随着填埋年限的增加,一些塑料会降解从而无法在垃圾填埋场渗滤液中被检出。例如,人造丝(Rayon)在新鲜渗滤液L3和L4中被检测到,但在垃圾填埋场渗滤液L1和L2种未被检出,Rayon具有低结晶度和取向性,可作为微生物的碳源[5456],在经过243天生物降解后Rayon可降解约62% [57]。

不同类型渗滤液中聚合物的分布特征明显不同。高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)被广泛用于玩具、奶瓶和家居用品中[58]。然而,令人惊讶的是,在L4中未检测到HDPE,在L3中HDPE所占比例不到1%。相反,垃圾填埋场渗滤液(L1和L2)中HDPE较高(约10%)。这可能是因为在垃圾填埋场渗滤液中,HDPE除了来自处置的MSWs外,主要来自填埋所使用的土工膜。在所研究的垃圾填埋场中,HDPE土工膜被用作防渗和覆盖材料。它们在长期填埋过程中可能会破碎并释放MPs,导致垃圾填埋场渗滤液中HDPE MPs污染。Sun等[59]报道称在垃圾填埋场建设和运营过程中的机械损坏和废物沉降会导致土工膜开裂。他们的研究结果表明,HDPE土工膜在垃圾填埋场运营8年后达到其使用寿命,材料会出现严重的老化和缺陷。相比之下,在一个未使用土工膜的非正规垃圾填埋场渗滤液中未检测到HDPE [30]。这一结果也支持了这一假设,即破损的HDPE土工膜是所研究的卫生填埋场渗滤液中MPs的重要来源之一。

L4中MPs的组成与其他三种类型渗滤液不同。PE、聚酰胺(PA)和聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物(PE-PP)是L4中主要的聚合物类型,平均比例分别为21%、13%和12%。L4中PA所占比例约为L3的两倍,明显高于L1和L2。如3.1小节所述,L4中MPs反映了食物中MPs污染的情况。尽管对食物中MPs污染的研究有限,但已有研究表明贻贝和鱼类中PA含量很高[6063]。水产养殖中使用的破损尼龙网箱和电缆是这些水产动物中PA的潜在来源[64]。Zhang等[65]还报道了PE-PP(约65%)和PE(约30%)是小龙虾中主要的MPs类型。PE、PA和PE-PP在L4中占主导地位表明,水产品可能是研究地区食物中MPs的主要来源之一,这与上海人的饮食习惯相符。了解聚合物类型特征有助于更准确地确定MPs来源,并为后续MPs污染控制提供参考。

3.3 不同类型渗滤液中MPs的形态特征

不同类型渗滤液中MPs的尺寸分布如图4所示。在L1和L2中尺寸范围为20~100 μm的MPs所占比例分别为87%和83%。与垃圾填埋场渗滤液相比,新鲜渗滤液L3和L4中小尺寸MPs(20~100 μm)更少,分别为67%和49%。根据条件破碎模型(见附录A中的图S4和表1),与L3和L4相比,垃圾填埋场渗滤液,特别是填埋年限相对较长的L1具有更高的λ值,表明垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs破碎程度更高。这些结果表明填埋过程对MPs尺寸分布有显著影响,验证了大塑料在长期填埋过程中会逐渐破碎形成小尺寸MPs并释放到垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的假设。此外,在L3和L4中,根据条件破碎模型得到的α值均小于1,表明L3和L4中MPs仍在逐渐缩小,并将继续破碎成更小尺寸的MPs。因此,在后续渗滤液处理过程中,L3和L4中MPs的丰度可能会进一步增加。

图4比较了不同类型渗滤液中MPs的形状,典型MPs的形状如附录A中的图S5所示。以往研究关于垃圾填埋场渗滤液中MPs的形状特征存在相矛盾的结果。He等[12]指出垃圾填埋场渗滤液中碎片和薄片状占主导地位,所占比例分别为59%和23%。Sun等[24]也发现垃圾填埋场渗滤液中超过50%的MPs是碎片状。然而,在其他研究中[2223],垃圾填埋场渗滤液中纤维状MPs含量最高。例如,Su等[22]报道称纤维状MPs约占渗滤液中所有MPs数量的60%。在本研究中,碎片是渗滤液中MPs的主要形状(占51%~67%),而纤维状MPs所占比例较低,在4%~14%之间。纤维通常是污水中最常见的形状,在一些研究中其所占比例达85%以上[6667],主要来源于洗涤和纤维制造[6,6667]。纤维状MPs也会被分解成更小的碎片状MPs。因此,碎片的比例随着MPs尺寸的减小而增加[43]。本研究中碎片而非纤维的优势与小尺寸MPs的高比例一致,并表明渗滤液中MPs的来源与污水中有所不同。

大多数MPs呈浅色或深色(图4)。L1中透明MPs所占比例远高于L2(填埋年限较短)和L3(未填埋)中,这可能是因为填埋过程中塑料发生了老化[24]。

4 总结

本研究调查了从中国最大固体废物处置中心收集的三种类型渗滤液(垃圾填埋场渗滤液、干垃圾渗滤液和湿垃圾渗滤液)中MPs的赋存特征。MPs的丰度范围为(129±54) ~ (1288±184) particles·L-1,其中湿垃圾渗滤液中MPs的丰度最高。在所有渗滤液样品中,共鉴定出34种不同聚合物类型,其中,PE(32%)和PP(24%)的比例较大。不同处置方式会影响各渗滤液中MPs的存在特征。垃圾填埋过程极大地影响了渗滤液中MPs的尺寸分布,垃圾填埋场渗滤液中小尺寸MPs(20~100 μm)所占比例(> 80%)高于其他渗滤液。垃圾处置方式从填埋到其他处置策略的转变可能会改变需处理的渗滤液中MPs污染的特征。

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