Machine learning (ML) has recently enabled many modeling tasks in design, manufacturing, and condition monitoring due to its unparalleled learning ability using existing data. Data have become the limiting factor when implementing ML in industry. However, there is no systematic investigation on how data quality can be assessed and improved for ML-based design and manufacturing. The aim of this survey is to uncover the data challenges in this domain and review the techniques used to resolve them. To establish the background for the subsequent analysis, crucial data terminologies in ML-based modeling are reviewed and categorized into data acquisition, management, analysis, and utilization. Thereafter, the concepts and frameworks established to evaluate data quality and imbalance, including data quality assessment, data readiness, information quality, data biases, fairness, and diversity, are further investigated. The root causes and types of data challenges, including human factors, complex systems, complicated relationships, lack of data quality, data heterogeneity, data imbalance, and data scarcity, are identified and summarized. Methods to improve data quality and mitigate data imbalance and their applications in this domain are reviewed. This literature review focuses on two promising methods: data augmentation and active learning. The strengths, limitations, and applicability of the surveyed techniques are illustrated. The trends of data augmentation and active learning are discussed with respect to their applications, data types, and approaches. Based on this discussion, future directions for data quality improvement and data imbalance mitigation in this domain are identified.
本文选用了两个数据库——Scopus和Web of Science(WOS),用于检索相关出版物,重点关注英文期刊、会议论文集和书籍章节。检索范围进一步限定在2014年以来的工程类文献。表2所示的标准用于检索文献的标题、摘要与关键词字段。算法类关键词将综述限定在基于ML的建模。为了进行全面的综述,许多与设计与制造相关的应用关键词也包含在内。从数据质量开始,逐步扩展相关数据术语的关键词。数据质量、数据就绪、偏差、公平性及其变体、多样性及其变体为首批文献检索的关键词。带有星号(*)的关键词表示搜索范围包括所有以该词开头的词汇。例如,关键词“divers*”可包含diverse(多样的)、diversity(多样性)、diversify(使多样化)和diversification(多元化)等词汇。本文选取了数据增强、自适应采样和主动学习作为数据质量提升技术,以作进一步综述。
式中,det(∙)表示矩阵的行列式; I 是大小为N × N的单位矩阵;是从相似度矩阵 L 中按照所选索引构成的子矩阵。包含两个不同样本的集合的选取概率与两个样本间的相似度成反比。因此,可以通过最大化P(M)来获得子集中相似度最小(即多样性最高)的组合,这等同于在固定大小的数据集DS上最大化det( LM),因为det( L+I )是常数。根据文献[91]的案例研究,所选子集在样本数量较少的情况下具有高度多样性,从而带来更优的预测性能,还能缩短训练时间。Lee等[63]提出了t-METASET方法,通过迭代方式生成多样的单元格形状,并从已有样本中获取多样化的属性信息。其任务感知功能可引导属性采样朝向目标区域进行。Jang等[12]则训练了一个强化学习(RL)智能体,通过使用基于欧几里得距离的像素差异和基于像素分布的结构差异来奖励拓扑结构的多样性,从而迭代生成多样化的设计。与传统的贪心搜索方法相比,RL智能体方法在轮胎设计的案例研究中平均可多生成5%的设计形状。
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