中国盐穴大规模储存二氧化碳——运行、安全与潜力评估

刘伟; 张雄; 万继方; 杨春和; 姜亮亮; 陈掌星; Maria Jose Jurado; 施锡林; 姜德义; 纪文栋; 李启航

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.013

PDF(4519 KB)

工程（英文） ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (9) : 226-246. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.013

研究论文

Review

中国盐穴大规模储存二氧化碳——运行、安全与潜力评估

刘伟 ^a ,
张雄 ^a ,
万继方 ^b^,^* ,
杨春和 ^c ,
姜亮亮 ^d^,^* ,
陈掌星 ^d^,^e ,
Maria Jose Jurado ^f ,
施锡林 ^c ,
姜德义 ^a ,
纪文栋 ^b ,
李启航 ^a

作者信息 +

Large-Scale Energy Storage for Carbon Neutrality—Review Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Storage in Salt Caverns: Evaluation of Operation, Safety, and Potential in China

Wei Liu ^a^,^# ,
Xiong Zhang ^a^,^# ,
Jifang Wan ^b^,^* ,
Chunhe Yang ^c ,
Liangliang Jiang ^d^,^* ,
Zhangxin Chen ^d^,^e ,
Maria Jose Jurado ^f ,
Xilin Shi ^c ,
Deyi Jiang ^a ,
Wendong Ji ^b ,
Qihang Li ^a

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Underground salt cavern CO₂ storage (SCCS) offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO₂ storage and facilitating the utilization of CO₂ resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market. Its economic and operational advantages over traditional carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects make SCCS a more cost-effective and flexible option. Despite the widespread use of salt caverns for storing various substances, differences exist between SCCS and traditional salt cavern energy storage in terms of gas-tightness, carbon injection, brine extraction control, long-term carbon storage stability, and site selection criteria. These distinctions stem from the unique phase change characteristics of CO₂ and the application scenarios of SCCS. Therefore, targeted and forward-looking scientific research on SCCS is imperative. This paper introduces the implementation principles and application scenarios of SCCS, emphasizing its connections with carbon emissions, carbon utilization, and renewable energy peak shaving. It delves into the operational characteristics and economic advantages of SCCS compared with other CCUS methods, and addresses associated scientific challenges. In this paper, we establish a pressure equation for carbon injection and brine extraction, that considers the phase change characteristics of CO₂, and we analyze the pressure during carbon injection. By comparing the viscosities of CO₂ and other gases, SCCS’s excellent sealing performance is demonstrated. Building on this, we develop a long-term stability evaluation model and associated indices, which analyze the impact of the injection speed and minimum operating pressure on stability. Field countermeasures to ensure stability are proposed. Site selection criteria for SCCS are established, preliminary salt mine sites suitable for SCCS are identified in China, and an initial estimate of achievable carbon storage scale in China is made at over 51.8-77.7 million tons, utilizing only 20%-30% volume of abandoned salt caverns. This paper addresses key scientific and engineering challenges facing SCCS and determines crucial technical parameters, such as the operating pressure, burial depth, and storage scale, and it offers essential guidance for implementing SCCS projects in China.

Keywords

Carbon-neutrality / Salt cavern / Large-scale CO₂ storage / Injection and withdrawal / Stability analysis

引用本文

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

导出引用

刘伟, 张雄, 万继方. 中国盐穴大规模储存二氧化碳——运行、安全与潜力评估. Engineering. 2024, 40(9): 226-246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.013

参考文献

原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序

[1]	Gao Y, Gao X, Zhang X. The 2 °C global temperature target and the evolution of the long-term goal of addressing climate change—from the United Nations framework convention on climate change to the Paris Agreement. Engineering 2017; 3(2):272-8.
[2]	Wigley TML. The relationship between net GHG emissions and radiative forcing with an application to article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement. Clim Change 2021; 169(1-2):13.
[3]	Hoegh-Guldberg O, Jacob D, Taylor M, Guillén Bolaños T, Bindi M, Brown S, et al. The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5 °C. Science 2019; 365(6459):eaaw6974.
[4]	Xu H, Liu Y, He S, Zheng J, Jiang L, Song Y. Enhanced CO₂ hydrate formation using hydrogen-rich stones, L-methionine and SDS: insights from kinetic and morphological studies. Energy 2024; 291:130280.
[5]	Wang Y, Levis JW, Barlaz MA. An assessment of the dynamic global warming impact associated with long-term emissions from landfills. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54(3):1304-13.
[6]	Zhang W, Zhou T. Increasing impacts from extreme precipitation on population over China with global warming. Sci Bull 2020; 65(3):243-52.
[7]	Wang J, Feng L, Palmer PI, Liu Y, Fang S, Bösch H, et al. Large Chinese land carbon sink estimated from atmospheric carbon dioxide data. Nature 2020; 586:720-3.
[8]	Guan Y, Shan Y, Huang Q, Chen H, Wang D, Hubacek K. Assessment to China’s recent emission pattern shifts. Earth Future 2021; 9:e2021EF002241.
[9]	Zhu T, Liu X, Wang X, He H. Technical development and prospect for collaborative reduction of pollution and carbon emissions from iron and steel industry in China. Engineering 2023; 31:37-49.
[10]	Fan JL, Xu M, Wei S, Shen S, Diao Y, Zhang X. Carbon reduction potential of China’s coal-fired power plants based on a CCUS source-sink matching model. Resour Conserv Recycling 2021; 168:105320.
[11]	Yan J, Zhang Z. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Appl Energy 2019; 235:1289-99.
[12]	Dindi A, Quang DV, Vega LF, Nashef E, Abu-Zahra MRM. Applications of fly ash for CO₂ capture, utilization, and storage. J CO₂ Util 2019; 29:82-102.
[13]	Rafiee A, Khalilpour KR, Milani D, Panahi M. Trends in CO₂ conversion and utilization: a review from process systems perspective. J Environ Chem Eng 2018; 6(5):5771-94.
[14]	Lin Q, Zhang X, Wang T, Zheng C, Gao X. Technical perspective of carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Engineering 2022; 14:27-32.
[15]	Fan JL, Li Z, Huang X, Li K, Zhang X, Lu X, et al. A net-zero emissions strategy for China’s power sector using carbon-capture utilization and storage. Nat Commun 2023; 14(1):5972.
[16]	Nocito F, Dibenedetto A. Atmospheric CO₂ mitigation technologies: carbon capture utilization and storage. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 2020; 21:34-43.
[17]	Wiesberg IL, Brigagão GV, Araújo OQF, Medeiros JL. Carbon dioxide management via exergy-based sustainability assessment: carbon capture and storage versus conversion to methanol. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2019; 112:720-32.
[18]	Wei YM, Chen K, Kang JN, Chen W, Wang XY, Zhang X. Policy and management of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality: a literature review. Engineering 2022; 14:52-63.
[19]	Allen DT, Tran C, Zeitler E. National academies report defines a research agenda for chemical, biochemical and mineralization approaches to gaseous carbon waste utilization. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2019; 7(4):3702-9.
[20]	Xi H, Wu X, Chen X, Sha P. Artificial intelligent based energy scheduling of steel mill gas utilization system towards carbon neutrality. Appl Energy 2021; 295:117069.
[21]	Jansen D, Gazzani M, Manzolini G, van Dijk E, Carbo M. Pre-combustion CO₂ capture. Int J Greenh Gas Control 2015; 40:167-87.
[22]	Chao C, Deng Y, Dewil R, Baeyens J, Fan X. Post-combustion carbon capture. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2021; 138:110490.
[23]	Normann F, Thunman H, Johnsson F. Process analysis of an oxygen lean oxyfuel power plant with co-production of synthesis gas. Energy Convers Manage 2009; 50(2):279-86.
[24]	Realmonte G, Drouet L, Gambhir A, Glynn J, Hawkes A, Köberle AC, et al. An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways. Nat Commun 2019; 10(1):3277.
[25]	Fu L, Ren Z, Si W, Ma Q, Huang W, Liao K, et al. Research progress on CO₂ capture and utilization technology. J CO₂ Util 2022; 66:102260.
[26]	Bazhenov S, Chuboksarov V, Maximov A, Zhdaneev O. Technical and economic prospects of CCUS projects in Russia. Sustain Mater Techno 2022; 33:e00452.
[27]	Rubin ES, Davison JE, Herzog HJ. The cost of CO₂ capture and storage. Int J Greenh Gas Control 2015; 40:378-400.
[28]	Hepburn C, Adlen E, Beddington J, Carter EA, Fuss S, Dowell NM, et al. The technological and economic prospects for CO 2 utilization and removal. Nature 2019; 575(7781):87-97.
[29]	Dowell NM, Fennell PS, Shah N, Maitland GC. The role of CO₂ capture and utilization in mitigating climate change. Nat Clim Chang 2017; 7(4):243-9.
[30]	Roadmap for carbon capture, utilization and storage technology development in China (2011). Report. Beijing: Science Press; 2011. Chinese.
[31]	Li Y, Hao J, Song H, Zhang F, Bai X, Meng X, et al. Selective light absorberassisted single nickel atom catalysts for ambient sunlight-driven CO₂ methanation. Nat Commun 2019; 10(1):2359.
[32]	Thema M, Bauer F, Sterner M. Power-to-gas: electrolysis and methanation status review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2019; 112:775-87.
[33]	Zhang X, Liu W, Chen J, Jiang D, Fan J, Daemen JJK, et al. Large-scale CO₂ disposal/storage in bedded rock salt caverns of China: an evaluation of safety and suitability. Energy 2022; 249:123727.
[34]	Soubeyran A, Rouabhi A, Coquelet C. Thermodynamic analysis of carbon dioxide storage in salt caverns to improve the power-to-gas process. Appl Energy 2019; 242:1090-107.
[35]	Liu W, Li Q, Yang C, Shi X, Wan J, Jurado MJ, et al. The role of underground salt caverns for large-scale energy storage: a review and prospects. Energy Storage Mater 2023; 63:103045.
[36]	Liu W, Duan X, Li Q, Wan J, Zhang X, Fang J, et al. Analysis of pressure interval/ injection and production frequency on stability of large-scale supercritical CO 2 storage in salt caverns. J Clean Prod 2023; 433:139731.
[37]	Wan M, Ji W, Wan J, He Y, Li J, Liu W, et al. Compressed air energy storage in salt caverns in China: development and outlook. Adv Geo Energy Res 2023; 9 (1):54-67.
[38]	Wang T, Yan X, Yang H, Yang X, Jiang T, Zhao S. A new shape design method of salt cavern used as underground gas storage. Appl Energy 2013; 104:50-61.
[39]	Hematpur H, Abdollahi R, Rostami S, Haghighi M, Blunt MJ. Review of underground hydrogen storage: concepts and challenges. Adv Geo Energy Res 2023; 7(2):111-31.
[40]	Liu W, Zhang Z, Chen J, Fan J, Jiang D, Jjk D, et al. Physical simulation of construction and control of two butted-well horizontal cavern energy storage using large molded rock salt specimens. Energy 2019; 185:682-94.
[41]	Liu W, Zhang Z, Chen J, Jiang D, Wu F, Fan J, et al. Feasibility evaluation of large-scale underground hydrogen storage in bedded salt rocks of China: a case study in Jiangsu Province. Energy 2020; 198:117348.
[42]	Yang C, Wang T, Chen H. Theoretical and technological challenges of deep underground energy storage in China. Engineering 2023; 25:168-81.
[43]	Zhang N, Shi X, Wang T, Yang C, Liu W, Ma H, et al. Stability and availability evaluation of underground strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) caverns in bedded rock salt of Jintan, China. Energy 2017; 134:504-14.
[44]	Shi X, Wei X, Yang C, Ma H, Li Y. Problems and countermeasures for construction of China’s salt cavern type strategic oil storage. Bull Chin Aca Sci 2023; 38:99-111.
[45]	Liu W, Zhang X, Fan J, Li Y, Wang L. Evaluation of potential for salt cavern gas storage and integration of brine extraction: cavern utilization, Yangtze River delta region. Nat Resour Res 2020; 29(5):3275-90.
[46]	Caglayan DG, Weber N, Heinrichs HU, Linßen J, Robinius M, Kukla PA, et al. Technical potential of salt caverns for hydrogen storage in Europe. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020; 45(11):6793-805.
[47]	Lankof L, Tarkowski R. Assessment of the potential for underground hydrogen storageinbeddedsaltformation. Int JHydrogenEnergy 2020; 45(38):19479-92.
[48]	Lankof L, Urbańczyk K, Tarkowski R. Assessment of the potential for underground hydrogen storage in salt domes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2022; 160:112309.
[49]	Liu W, Zhang Z, Fan J, Jiang D, Daemen JJK. Research on the stability and treatments of natural gas storage caverns with different shapes in bedded salt rocks. IEEE Access 2020; 8:18995-9007.
[50]	Yang C, Wang T, Li Y, Yang H, Li J, Da Q, et al. Feasibility analysis of using abandoned salt caverns for large-scale underground energy storage in China. Appl Energy 2015; 137:467-81.
[51]	Wang T, Yang C, Wang H, Ding S, Daemen JJK. Debrining prediction of a salt cavern used for compressed air energy storage. Energy 2018; 147:464-76.
[52]	Pajonpai N, Bissen R, Pumjan S, Henk A. Shape design and safety evaluation of salt caverns for CO₂ storage in northeast Thailand. Int J Greenh Gas Control 2022; 120:103773.
[53]	Blanco-Martín L, Rouabhi A, Hadj-Hassen F. Use of salt caverns in the energy transition: application to power-to-gas-oxyfuel. J Energy Storage 2021; 44:103333.
[54]	da Costa AM, Costa PVM, Miranda ACO, Goulart MBR, Udebhulu OD, Ebecken NFF, et al. Experimental salt cavern in offshore ultra-deep water and well design evaluation for CO₂ abatement. Int J Min Sci Technol 2019; 29:641-56.
[55]	Wei X, Ban S, Shi X, Li P, Li Y, Zhu S, et al. Carbon and energy storage in salt caverns under the background of carbon neutralization in China. Energy 2023; 272:127120.
[56]	Mwakipunda GC, Mgimba MM, Ngata MR, Yu L. Recent advances on carbon dioxide sequestration potentiality in salt caverns: a review. Int J Greenh Gas Control 2024; 133:104109.
[57]	da Costa AM, da Costa PVM, Udebhulu ODD, Azevedo RC, Ebecken NFF, Miranda ACO, et al. Potential of storing gas with high CO 2 content in salt caverns built in ultra-deep water in Brazil. Greenh Gases Sci Technol 2019; 9 (1):79-94.
[58]	Birkholzer JT, Zhou Q, Tsang CF. Large-scale impact of CO₂ storage in deep saline aquifers: a sensitivity study on pressure response in stratified systems. Int J Greenh Gas Control 2009; 3(2):181-94.
[59]	Yuan S, Ma D, Li J, Zhou T, Ji Z, Han H. Progress and prospects of carbon dioxide capture, EOR-utilization and storage industrialization. Pet Explor Dev 2022; 49(4):955-62.
[60]	Schiffrin DJ. The feasibility of in situ geological sequestration of supercritical carbon dioxide coupled to underground coal gasification. Energy Environ Sci 2015; 8(8):2330-40.
[61]	Qin J, Zhong Q, Tang Y, Rui Z, Qiu S, Chen H. CO₂ storage potential assessment of offshore saline aquifers in China. Fuel 2023; 341:127681.
[62]	Fan JL, Wei S, Shen S, Xu M, Zhang X. Geological storage potential of CO₂ emissions for China’s coal-fired power plants: a city-level analysis. Int J Greenh Gas Control 2021; 106:103278.
[63]	Nikolaidis P, Poullikkas A. A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017; 67:597-611.
[64]	Ahluwalia R, Doss ED, Kumar R. Hydrogen-fueled polymer electrolyte fuel cell systems for transportation. Argonne: Argonne National Laboratory; 1998.
[65]	Zhang X, Lu Y, Tang J, Zhou Z, Liao Y. Experimental study on fracture initiation and propagation in shale using supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing. Fuel 2017; 190:370-8.
[66]	Ishida T, Chen Y, Bennour Z, Yamashita H, Inui S, Nagaya Y, et al. Features of CO₂ fracturing deduced from acoustic emission and microscopy in laboratory experiments. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 2016; 121(11):8080-98.
[67]	Vishal V. In-situ disposal of CO₂: liquid and supercritical CO₂ permeability in coal at multiple down-hole stress conditions. J CO₂ Util 2017; 17:235-42.
[68]	He H, Sun B, Sun X, Wang Z. Experimental and theoretical study on water solubility of carbon dioxide in oil and gas displacement. J Petrol Sci Eng 2021; 203:108685.
[69]	Lasala S, Privat R, Jaubert JN, Arpentinier P. Modelling the thermodynamics of air-component mixtures (N2, O2 and Ar): comparison and performance analysis of available models. Fluid Phase Equilib 2018; 458:278-87.
[70]	Xue Y, Ranjith PG, Chen Y, Cai C, Gao F, Liu X. Nonlinear mechanical characteristics and damage constitutive model of coal under CO₂ adsorption during geological sequestration. Fuel 2023; 331:125690.
[71]	Fan JL, Shen S, Wei SJ, Xu M, Zhang X. Near-term CO₂ storage potential for coal-fired power plants in China: a county-level source-sink matching assessment. Appl Energy 2020; 279:115878.
[72]	Chen XS, Li YP, Jiang YL, Liu YX, Zhang T. Theoretical research on gas seepage in the formations surrounding bedded gas storage salt cavern. Petrol Sci 2022; 19(4):1766-78.
[73]	Cosenza P, Ghoreychi M, Bazargan-Sabet B, de Marsily G. In situ rock salt permeability measurement for long term safety assessment of storage. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 1999; 36(4):509-26.
[74]	Lemmon EW, Huber ML, McLinden MO. NIST reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties—REFPROP. Report. Gaithersburg: US Department of Commerce; 2010.
[75]	Mortazavi A, Nasab H. Analysis of the behavior of large underground oil storage caverns in salt rock. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 2017; 41 (4):602-24.
[76]	Taheri SR, Pak A, Shad S, Mehrgini B, Razifar M. Investigation of rock salt layer creep and its effects on casing collapse. Int J Min Sci Technol 2020; 30 (3):357-65.
[77]	Jia X, Zhang Y, Lv H, Zhu Z. Study on external performance and internal flow characteristics in a centrifugal pump under different degrees of cavitation. Phys Fluids 2023; 35(1):35.
[78]	Marušić-Paloka E, Pažanin I. Effects of boundary roughness and inertia on the fluid flow through a corrugated pipe and the formula for the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient. Int J of Eng Sci 2020; 152:103293.
[79]	Jarreau PH, Louis B, Dassieu G, Desfrere L, Blanchard PW, Moriette G, et al. Estimation of inspiratory pressure drop in neonatal and pediatric endotracheal tubes. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87(1):36-46.
[80]	Peng DY, Robinson DB. A new two-constant equation of state. Ind Eng Chem Fundam 1976; 15(1):59-64.
[81]	Setzmann U, Wagner W. A new equation of state and tables of thermodynamic properties for methane covering the range from the melting line to 625 K at pressures up to 1000 MPa. J Phys Chem Ref Data 1991; 20(6):1061-155.
[82]	FLAC3D. Software. Minneapolis: Itasca Consulting Group Inc.; 2019.
[83]	Mechanical APDL introductory turorial files. Report. Canonsburg: Ansys Inc; 2018.
[84]	Zhang Z, Liu W, Guo Q, Duan X, Li Y, Wang T. Tightness evaluation and countermeasures for hydrogen storage salt cavern contains various lithological interlayers. J Energy Storage 2022; 50:104454.
[85]	Wang Y, Zhang X, Jiang D, Liu W, Wan J, Li Z, et al. Study on stability and economic evaluation of two-well-vertical salt cavern energy storage. J Energy Storage 2022; 56:106164.
[86]	Li D, Liu W, Li X, Tang H, Xu G, Jiang D, et al. Physical simulation and feasibility evaluation for construction of salt cavern energy storage with recycled light brine under gas blanket. J Energy Storage 2022; 55:105643. [87] Brouard B, Bérest P, Djizanne H, Frangi A. Mechanical stability of a salt cavern submitted to high-frequency cycles. Mechanical behaviour of salt VII. London: Taylor & Francis Group; 2012.
[87]	Brouard B, Bérest P, Djizanne H, Frangi A. Mechanical stability of a salt cavern submitted to high-frequency cycles. Mechanical behaviour of salt VII. London: Taylor & Francis Group; 2012.
[88]	Berest P, Karimi M, Brouard B. Deep salt-cavern abandonment. In: Proceedings of 6th Conference on the Mechanical Behavior of Salt; 2007 May 22-25; Hannover, Germay. London: Taylor & Francis Group; 2007.
[89]	Zhang X, Liu W, Jiang D, Qiao W, Liu E, Zhang N, et al. Investigation on the influences of interlayer contents on stability and usability of energy storage caverns in bedded rock salt. Energy 2021; 231:120968.
[90]	Wei L, Chen J, Jiang D, Shi X, Li Y, Daemen JJK, et al. Tightness and suitability evaluation of abandoned salt caverns served as hydrocarbon energies storage under adverse geological conditions (AGC). Appl Energy 2016; 178:703-20.
[91]	Li D, Liu W, Jiang D, Chen J, Fan J, Qiao W. Quantitative investigation on the stability of salt cavity gas storage with multiple interlayers above the cavity roof. J Energy Storage 2021; 44:103298.
[92]	Wang X, Li S, Tong B, Jiang L, Lv P, Zhang Y, et al. Wettability and capillary behavior in a CO₂-oil-solid system under near-miscible conditions: a porescale study. Fuel 2024; 364:131164.
[93]	Feng Y, Gu C, Li X, Li X, Wanyan Q, Li K, et al. Stability and optimization of small-spacing two-well (SSTW) gas storage salt caverns in bedded salt formation. Geoenergy Sci Eng 2023; 227:211894.
[94]	Wang T, Yang C, Chen J, Daemen JJK. Geomechanical investigation of roof failure of China’s first gas storage salt cavern. Eng Geol 2018; 243:59-69.
[95]	Wang T, Yang C, Yan X, Daemen JJK. Allowable pillar width for bedded rock salt caverns gas storage. J Petrol Sci Eng 2015; 127:433-44.
[96]	Wang T, Yang C, Ma H, Daemen JJK, Wu H. Safety evaluation of gas storage caverns located close to a tectonic fault. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 2015; 23:281-93.
[97]	Van Sambeek LL, Ratigan JL, Hansen FD. Dilatancy of rock salt in laboratory tests. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 1993; 30(7):735-8.
[98]	Wan J, Peng T, Jurado MJ, Shen R, Yuan G, Ban F. The influence of the water injection method on two-well-horizontal salt cavern construction. J Petrol Sci Eng 2020; 184:106560.
[99]	Zhang G, Li Y, Yang C, Daemen JJK. Stability and tightness evaluation of bedded rock salt formations for underground gas/oil storage. Acta Geotech 2014; 9(1):161-79.
[100]	Chen X, Li Y, Liu W, Ma H, Ma J, Shi X, et al. Study on sealing failure of wellbore in bedded salt caverngas storage. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2019; 52 (1):215-28.
[101]	Zhang QY, Duan K, Jiao YY, Xiang W. Physical model test and numerical simulation for the stability analysis of deep gas storage cavern group located in bedded rock salt formation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2017; 94:43-54.
[102]	Zhang N, Ma L, Wang M, Zhang Q, Li J, Fan P. Comprehensive risk evaluation of underground energy storage caverns in bedded rock salt. J Loss Pre Pro Indus 2017; 45:264-76.
[103]	Liu H, Jiang Y, Yang G, Jin Y, Yang H, Zhou Q. Characteristics of rock salt mines and suitability evaluation of salt cave storages in Yangtze River economic zone. Geological Survey China 2019; 6:89-98.
[104]	Zhang X, Yang X, Lu X, Chen J, Cheng J, Diao Y, et al. China annual report on carbon capture, utilization and storage China (2023). Report. Beijing: Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21; Global CCS Institute; Tsinghua University; 2023. Chinese.
[105]	Yao J, Han H, Yang Y, Song Y, Li G. A review of recent progress of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in China. Appl Sci 2023; 13(2):1169.
[106]	Chae YJ, Lee JI. Thermodynamic analysis of compressed and liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system integrated with steam cycle for flexible operation of thermal power plant. Energy Convers Manage 2022; 256:115374.
[107]	Wu C, Wan Y, Liu Y, Xu X, Liu C. Thermodynamic simulation and economic analysis of a novel liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system. J Energy Storage 2022; 55:105544.
[108]	Xu W, Zhao P, Gou F, Wu W, Liu A, Wang J. A combined heating and power system based on compressed carbon dioxide energy storage with carbon capture: exploring the technical potential. Energy Convers Manage 2022; 260:115610.
[109]	Wang M, Zhao P, Wu Y, Dai Y. Performance analysis of a novel energy storage system based on liquid carbon dioxide. Appl Therm Eng 2015; 91:812-23.
[110]	The annual cumulative turnover of the national carbon market reached 194 million tons. Report. Beijing: Xinhua News Agency; 2022. Chinese.