State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Artificial intelligence (AI) has taken breathtaking leaps forward in recent years, evolving into a strategic technology for pioneering the future. The growing demand for computing power—especially in demanding inference tasks, exemplified by generative AI models such as ChatGPT—poses challenges for conventional electronic computing systems. Advances in photonics technology have ignited interest in investigating photonic computing as a promising AI computing modality. Through the profound fusion of AI and photonics technologies, intelligent photonics is developing as an emerging interdisciplinary field with significant potential to revolutionize practical applications. Deep learning, as a subset of AI, presents efficient avenues for optimizing photonic design, developing intelligent optical systems, and performing optical data processing and analysis. Employing AI in photonics can empower applications such as smartphone cameras, biomedical microscopy, and virtual and augmented reality displays. Conversely, leveraging photonics-based devices and systems for the physical implementation of neural networks enables high speed and low energy consumption. Applying photonics technology in AI computing is expected to have a transformative impact on diverse fields, including optical communications, automatic driving, and astronomical observation. Here, recent advances in intelligent photonics are presented from the perspective of the synergy between deep learning and metaphotonics, holography, and quantum photonics. This review also spotlights relevant applications and offers insights into challenges and prospects.
式中, y = (y1, y2, ..., ym )ᵀ为输出向量, y ∈ ℝ m×1。 x = (x1, x2, ..., xn )ᵀ为输入向量, x ∈ ℝ n×1。表示激活函数。 = (wnm )为权重矩阵, ∈ ℝ n×m。 b = (b1, b2, ..., bm )ᵀ为偏置向量, b ∈ ℝ m×1。m和n分别表示输出向量与输入向量的元素数量。l为神经网络层索引。ℝ表示实数域。深度学习的核心目标在于寻找一个映射函数 fₗ: x → y (ℝ n → ℝ m )。如图4(b)所示,通过将多个单层网络堆叠成包含N个层次的DNN,可构建其简化框架。
基于MZI的光子集成电路工作原理如图5(a)所示。每一层包含一个光学干涉单元(用于实现任意矩阵乘法运算)和一个光学非线性单元(用于执行非线性激活)。任意实值矩阵 Z 可通过奇异值分解表示为 Z = UΣ†,其中, U 为幺正矩阵,†是幺正矩阵 V 的复共轭转置,这两者可通过光学分束器和移相器实现;Σ为对角矩阵,可通过光学衰减器实现。
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