Research Center of 6G Mobile Communications, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
随着移动通信快速发展,特别是用户激增,可利用频谱资源日益紧张,电磁环境渐趋复杂,导致不确定性干扰成为继不确定性衰落之后的又一大障碍。干扰与衰落都具有使信号失真的外在表现,但干扰主要来源于电磁扰动等其他外在的通信系统,衰落来源于电磁波传播中客观存在的散射、反射及多径效应、多普勒效应等。因此,在处理不确定性干扰时,可以采用更加灵活主动的方式避免干扰。21世纪初,第四代移动通信提出正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM)调制技术[3],使各子信道保持正交的同时提升了频谱利用率,极大地缓解了频谱资源有限导致的干扰问题。此外,无线频谱资源的分配体制还规定了不同通信系统之间的正交性,为避免不确定性干扰提供了额外保障。至此,信道编码、信号调制被公认为应对链路不确定性的两大关键技术。
尽管一些非均匀调制方法,如幅度相移键控(amplitude phase-shift keying, APSK),使用几何成形进行星座设计,其中相邻星座点的欧氏距离并不完全相同,但这些方法通常是在特定的信道条件下设计的,如加性高斯白噪声(additive white Gaussian noise, AWGN)。因此,它们仍然被归类为“[0,1]”思想的一部分。然而,调制符号所经历的信道条件(如可能存在载波频率差异)是事先未知的,并且具有不同幅度的符号在经历相同的衰落时会产生不同程度的失真,这将导致不同的错误概率。由于误比特率(bit error rate, BER)随信道条件变化,因此需要相应地调整星座映射方法。图3(b)和(c)分别展示了在AWGN信道和瑞利信道下所提方法的映射,这说明了所提方法在适应不同信道条件方面的灵活性。此外,所提的广义映射辅助的GAM可以实现任意正整数阶数的星座调制,这提供了更高的自由度。图3(d)展示了所提出的方法在带索引调制的正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation, OFDM-IM)中的应用[22]。可以观察到,OFDM的三个子载波可以分别使用六个和五个GAM星座点进行传输,从而实现速率自适应调制。
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