Vacuum glazing is highly regarded for its ability to transmit light while providing heat preservation, sound insulation, lightweight characteristics, and resistance to condensation. Scholars have made significant strides in the study of vacuum glazing through their notable efforts. This study systematically reviewed vacuum glazing and its composite structures, including material selection, fabrication techniques, research methods, and performance evaluation. This review initially presented fundamental techniques for preparing vacuum glazing, with a focus on edge seal and support pillar arrangements, and introduced common composite structures such as hybrid and tinted vacuum glazing. Furthermore, this review summarized the analytical, numerical, and experimental methodologies used to assess the thermal performance of vacuum glazing. This study also outlined heat transfer coefficients associated with various vacuum glazing structures, investigated the influence of different parameters on their heat transfer coefficients, and evaluated their potential for energy conservation across diverse climatic regions. Finally, the research delineated future trends in the advancement of vacuum glazing to provide guidance for both theoretical studies and practical applications in industry. This research serves as a valuable resource for both theoretical exploration and practical integration of vacuum glazing, facilitating its improvement and optimization to advance sustainable low-carbon building practices.