能源转型与差异化环境政策严格度对生态足迹的影响——基于KRLS方法的金砖国家证据

Mustafa Tevfik Kartal; Arshian Sharif; Cosimo Magazzino; Shahriyar Mukhtarov; Dervis Kirikkaleli

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.007

工程（英文） ›› 2026, Vol. 65 ›› Issue (10) : 198 -211. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.007

能源转型与差异化环境政策严格度对生态足迹的影响——基于KRLS方法的金砖国家证据

ⁱ

Mustafa Tevfik Kartal ^a^,^b^,^c^,^* ,
Arshian Sharif ^d^,^e^,^f ,
Cosimo Magazzino ^g^,^h ,
Shahriyar Mukhtarov ⁱ^,^j^,^k^,^l ,
Dervis Kirikkaleli ^m

作者信息 +

The Effects of Energy Transition and Environmental Policy Stringency Subtypes on Ecological Footprint: Evidence from BRICS Countries via a KRLS Approach

Mustafa Tevfik Kartal ^a^,^b^,^c^,^* ,
Arshian Sharif ^d^,^e^,^f ,
Cosimo Magazzino ^g^,^h ,
Shahriyar Mukhtarov ⁱ^,^j^,^k^,^l ,
Dervis Kirikkaleli ^m

Author information +

^a Department of Finance and Banking, European University of Lefke, Mersin 99010, Türkiye

^b Clinic of Economics, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku AZ1007, Azerbaijan

^c Division of International Studies, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

^d Department of Economics and Finance, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia

^e University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw 01-043, Poland

^f College of International Studies, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

^g Economic Research Center (WCERC), Western Caspian University, Baku AZ1001, Azerbaijan

^h ARUCAD Research Center, Arkin University of Creative Arts and Design, Mersin 99300, Türkiye

ⁱ Department of Economics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

^j BEU-Scientific Research Center, Baku Engineering University, Khirdalan City AZ0101, Azerbaijan

^k Research Center for Sustainable Economic Development, Khazar University, Baku AZ1096, Azerbaijan

^l Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Baku AZ 1073, Azerbaijan

^m Department of Economics, Adnan Kassar School of Business, Lebanese American University, Beirut 13-5053, Lebanon

* E-mail address: mustafatevfikkartal@gmail.com (M.T. Kartal).

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Abstract

The world has been facing climate-related problems in recent decades, resulting from environmental degradation, making it increasingly critical to reduce environmental degradation in order to combat climate change. In this context, transforming economies into eco-friendly ones, ensuring the global energy transition from fossil-fuel-based power to renewable energy, and applying stringent environmental policies have been recent focus points of policymakers. Accordingly, this study analyzes the marginal effect of the energy transition, market- and non-market-based environmental policy stringency, and income on ecological footprint (EFP) in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries using data between 2000 and 2020 and applying a kernel-based regularized least-squares (KRLS) approach. The results show that ① economic growth has a stimulating marginal effect on EFP in BRICS countries except for Brazil, where it has an insignificant effect; ② energy transition efforts are ineffective in all countries, having the undesired effect of increasing EFP; ③ market-based environmental policies have a curbing effect on EFP in Brazil, Russia, and India but an increasing effect in China and an insignificant effect in South Africa; ④ non-market-based environmental policies are highly ineffective in all countries; ⑤ the KRLS approach exhibits excellent performance in the estimation of EFP, reaching approximately 99.61%; and ⑥ the marginal effect of the studied factors on EFP varies across factors, countries, and percentiles. Thus, this study highlights that BRICS policymakers should consider the marginal effects of the studied factors on EFP in combating environmental degradation and climate-related problems.

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Key words

Ecological footprint / Energy transition / Market-based environmental policies / Non-market-based environmental policies / Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa / Kernel-based regularized least-squares approach

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Mustafa Tevfik Kartal,Arshian Sharif,Cosimo Magazzino,Shahriyar Mukhtarov,Dervis Kirikkaleli. 能源转型与差异化环境政策严格度对生态足迹的影响——基于KRLS方法的金砖国家证据[J]. 工程（英文）, 2026, 65(10): 198-211 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.007