Carbon fibers have excellent properties, including high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and high durability; therefore, they are widely used in various fields. Carbon fibers possess excellent electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability, and they can be used as electrode materials for functionalized applications in civil engineering. This study explores the evolution mechanism of the electrochemical properties of carbon fibers and carbon fiber composites used as anodes. This study further focuses on the collaborative intervention technique of impressed current cathodic protection and structural strengthening (ICCP-SS) for reinforced concrete structures, as well as the non-destructive recycling of carbon fibers based on their electrochemical evolution mechanism. This study aims to provide new ideas for the functionalization of carbon fiber composites in civil engineering.