In wind and solar renewable-dominant hybrid alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) power systems, the active power of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system is significantly limited by the security and stability events caused by cascading failures. To identify critical lines in cascading failures, a rapid risk assessment method is proposed based on the gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and frequent pattern growth (FP-Growth) algorithms. First, security and stability events triggered by cascading failures are analyzed to explain the impact of cascading failures on the maximum DC power. Then, a cascading failure risk index is defined, focusing on the DC power being limited. To handle the strong nonlinear relationship between the maximum DC power and cascading failures, a GBDT with an update strategy is utilized to rapidly predict the maximum DC power under uncertain operating conditions. Finally, the FP-Growth algorithm is improved to mine frequent patterns in cascading failures. The importance index for each fault in a frequent pattern is defined by evaluating its impact on cascading failures, enabling the identification of critical lines. Simulation results of a modified Ningxia–Shandong hybrid AC/DC system in China demonstrate that the proposed method can rapidly assess the risk of cascading failures and effectively identify critical lines.
为实现双碳目标,大规模新能源通过常规高压直流输电(high-voltage direct current, HVDC)向负荷中心传输。然而,由于风电和光伏等新能源存在强不确定性和易受扰性,此类系统在极端天气等外部扰动下容易发生连锁故障[1]。严重的连锁故障会对系统的安全稳定运行造成威胁,甚至可能导致大规模停电事故[2]。因此,连锁故障风险评估对于电力系统的安全稳定运行至关重要[3]。
为抑制换相失败并加快其恢复过程,常在故障期间采用低压限流控制器(voltage-dependent current order limiter, VDCOL)限制直流电流。这会显著降低换相失败后整流侧换流器从交流系统吸收的有功与无功功率。通常,换流器消耗的无功功率由换流站内的电容器提供。然而,当换相失败发生时,电容器无法及时切除,其多余的无功功率将导致送端交流系统过电压[32]。并且,过电压的严重程度与交流系统的电压支撑能力密切相关。
本文采用基于蒙特卡洛树搜索的方法生成连锁故障样本[4],样本规模设定为10 000。初始故障根据各线路的负荷率随机选择,并生成四阶连锁故障。生成的连锁故障将触发满足以下条件的安全稳定事件:导致新能源脱网的过电压阈值设为1.3标幺值(p.u.);判定换相失败的最低电压设为0.8 p.u.;直流闭锁的时间阈值设为1 s [39]。在功角稳定性方面,任意两台发电机转子角之间的最大偏差不得超过180°。
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