Minimally invasive tumor ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation, have emerged as important modalities for treating solid tumors, owing to their advantages such as rapid recovery after treatment and reduced surgical trauma. However, their clinical efficacy remains limited by various factors, including incomplete ablation, high rates of recurrence, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In recent years, the advent of nanoengineering strategies has provided promising avenues to overcome these limitations. Owing to their unique properties, such as tumor-targeting, controlled drug release, and immunomodulatory functions, nanocarriers not only enhance the local efficacy of ablation therapies but also modulate cell death pathways, such as pyroptosis and ferroptosis, and reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment. These effects collectively activate systemic antitumor immune responses. This review summarizes the underlying mechanisms by which nanoengineered systems augment tumor ablation, with a specific focus on key pathways through which nanocarriers synergize with ablation therapies to improve therapeutic outcomes. This review also critically assesses current limitations, including biosafety concerns and translational challenges, and discusses future perspectives, such as the development of intelligent nanocarriers and multimodal combination strategies. Ultimately, this work aims to provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for advancing the efficacy and personalization of tumor ablation therapies.