尽管农村能源转型在全球脱碳进程中具有重要作用，区域能源需求与本地生物质资源禀赋之间的空间匹配关系仍缺乏系统认识。本文构建了一个空间分析框架，整合农业、能源、人口和相关碳排放数据，对中国及全球尺度下农村能源消费与秸秆资源分布进行比较。研究发现，中国农村能源消费中电力占比已达到约41%，但其减排效益仍受到以煤电为主的电力供应结构制约，煤电占比约为61%，表明电气化并不必然在所有地区带来同等的脱碳效果。在资源侧，中国主要粮食作物每年产生约0.95 Gt作物残留物，折合约0.54 Gt标准煤当量（Gtce），但其中用于燃料的比例不足10%，反映出资源丰富与利用不足并存的矛盾。通过引入收集半径阈值，本文对秸秆能源化利用的适宜性进行了空间分区，识别出东北地区和长江平原等主要粮食产区更适合开展规模化部署，而丘陵地区和农业地块破碎化地区则更适合发展分散式利用路径。在全球尺度上，南亚、东南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲的秸秆资源与农村人口高度耦合，但其人均可利用量差异进一步揭示了不同收入组之间存在差异化转型路径。总体而言，本研究为理解农村能源需求与秸秆资源适宜性之间的空间关系提供了分析基础，可为制定差异化部署策略和推进农村清洁能源转型提供依据。

Despite the critical role of rural energy transitions in global decarbonization, the spatial alignment between regional energy demand and local biomass resource endowments remains insufficiently explored. Here, we develop a spatially explicit framework that integrates agricultural, energy, population and carbon datasets to compare rural energy consumption and straw resource distribution in China and globally. We find that although rural electrification in China now covers approximately 41% of the total area, mitigation benefits are constrained by a coal-dominated supply (61%), indicating that electrification does not deliver decarbonization uniformly. On the resource side, China generates approximately 0.95 Gt of crop residues from major food crops annually, corresponding to 0.54 Gt of standard coal equivalent (Gtce), yet less than 10% is utilized for fuel, underscoring a paradox of resource abundance versus underutilization. By incorporating collection-radius thresholds, we delineate suitability zones, identifying major grain belts such as northeast China and the Yangtze River Plain as appropriate for large-scale deployment, whereas hilly and fragmented agricultural regions are more compatible with decentralized pathways. At the global scale, straw resources and rural populations are strongly coupled in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, yet disparities in per capita availability highlight divergent transition pathways across income groups. Our study establishes a spatially explicit basis for linking rural energy demand with straw resource suitability, providing evidence to guide differentiated deployment strategies and to support rural clean energy transitions.