基于干细胞的胚胎模型 (stem cell-based embryo models, SCBEMs) 已成为发育生物学与再生医学领域的重要工具，为解析早期胚胎发育机制及推动临床应用提供了全新视角。本文系统综述了该领域的最新研究进展，提出了基于“潜能-状态-谱系”的三维分类框架，不仅整合了用于模型构建的干细胞的内在特性，还概述了模型开发背后的逻辑框架。本综述重点阐述了多能干细胞 (pluripotent stem cells, PSCs) 具备自组织形成3D类胚胎或类器官的能力，可模拟天然胚胎或特定组织的结构与功能。此类模型为人类发育研究提供了崭新的技术途径，同时规避了直接开展人类胚胎研究所面临的伦理与实践限制。此外，SCBEMs可作为研究发育障碍、环境因素影响及疾病建模的重要平台。本综述进一步探讨了SCBEMs在个性化组织工程、药物筛选及家畜育种中的变革性潜力，同时强调了在这一快速发展的领域中亟需制定伦理准则和标准化规范。SCBEM技术的持续进步，有望深化对发育过程的理解，并为治疗策略的开发提供支持。

Stem cell-based embryo models (SCBEMs) have emerged as important tools in developmental biology and regenerative medicine, providing novel perspectives for deciphering the mechanisms of early embryogenesis and advancing clinical applications. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the field and proposes a “potency-state-lineage” classification framework that integrates the intrinsic properties of stem cells used for model construction, as well as outlining the logical framework underlying model development. This review highlights the ability of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to self-organize into three-dimensional (3D) embryoids or organoids that mimic natural embryos or specific tissues. These models offer unprecedented access for studying human development while circumventing the ethical and practical constraints associated with direct research on human embryos. Moreover, these models serve as important platforms for investigating developmental disorders, environmental influences, and disease modeling. This review further explores the transformative potential of SCBEMs in personalized tissue engineering, drug screening, and livestock breeding while emphasizing the urgent need for ethical guidelines and standardization in this rapidly evolving field. SCBEM technology continues to advance and holds promise for enhancing the understanding of developmental processes and providing support for the development of therapeutic strategies.