目前，组织工程学中应用3D打印工艺的情况越来越多。本文介绍3D打印技术在组织工程学应用领域的最前沿研究，尤其侧重于计算机辅助支架设计系统的开发、功能梯度支架的直接3D打印、选择性激光烧结 (SLS) 和熔融沉积成型 (FDM) 工艺建模、利用微观和宏观特征进行支架间接增材制造、生物反应器的开发，以及3D/4D生物打印。本文还讨论3D打印的技术限制，进而突出新3D打印方法在组织工程学领域得到进一步改善的可能性。

A growing number of three-dimensional (3D)-printing processes have been applied to tissue engineering. This paper presents a state-of-the-art study of 3D-printing technologies for tissue-engineering applications, with particular focus on the development of a computer-aided scaffold design system; the direct 3D printing of functionally graded scaffolds; the modeling of selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) processes; the indirect additive manufacturing of scaffolds, with both micro and macro features; the development of a bioreactor; and 3D/4D bioprinting. Technological limitations will be discussed so as to highlight the possibility of future improvements for new 3D-printing methodologies for tissue engineering.