作为激光技术的重要应用，光纤通信技术是搭建现代通信网络的重要桥梁。随着物联网、大数据、云计算、虚拟现实和人工智能等新兴技术的涌现，信息传递需求与日俱增，这对光纤通信技术的发展提出了更高要求。本文在系统梳理光纤通信技术国内外发展现状的基础上，分析了在具体场景应用中面临的问题与挑战，研判了未来光纤通信技术发展的方向。经研究分析，激光通信技术在超大容量光纤通信系统中面临的挑战可从发射功率增加、光放大器带宽增加、低传输损耗光纤以及空分复用相关技术研究等方面入手探讨解决思路；同时结合现实应用情况，本文对面向其他场景的光纤通信系统成本困境的解决进行了思考。总体而言，光纤通信技术将朝着超大容量、智能化、集成化的方向不断演进，未来期望可以实现智能化网络参数监测和超长距离、超大容量信息传输，并且随着集成技术和光通信器件的不断进步，必将推动整个光纤通信行业的高性能、低成本发展。

As an important application of laser technology, optical fiber communications are key enablers for the current information age. With the emergence of new technologies including Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence, there are growing needs in the society for high capacity information transmission, which puts forward higher requirements for the optical fiber communication technology. Based on a systematic review of the development status of the technology in China and abroad, this paper analyzes the problems and challenges it faces in the application of specific scenarios, and prospects the development of some related technologies in the future. Through analysis, the challenges in optical fiber communication systems with an ultra-large capacity can be solved by increasing the transmitted power, raising the bandwidth of optical amplifiers, and conducting research on low-loss optical fibers and technologies related to space division multiplexing. The cost problems of the systems in other scenarios are also considered. In general, the optical fiber communication technology is evolving toward the direction of ultra-large capacity, intelligence, and integration. It is hoped to realize intelligent monitoring of network parameters, as well as ultra-long distance and ultra-large capacity transmission. With the development of devices and integration technology, the optical fiber communication industry continues to move forward toward the goal of high performance and low cost.