生态环境大数据可以通过提升生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化来进一步支撑生态文明和美丽中国建设，然而我国生态环境大数据应用还存在思路与技术瓶颈，导致实施、落地困难。面向“十四五”生态环境保护对生态环境大数据的迫切需求，本文总结了我国生态环境大数据的发展现状，分别从机制建设、技术研发及业务支撑三方面分析我国生态环境大数据发展存在的问题，从生态环境状况智能感知与问题识别、演变规律及驱动机制挖掘、环境污染与生态系统受损溯源分析、情景模拟与预测评估、风险预警与应急决策、工作监督与绩效评价等六个方面指出生态环境大数据发展的重点方向，围绕管理机制体制、数据资源意识、技术研发与示范、资金投入与人才培养分别提出我国生态环境大数据发展对策建议，为“十四五”生态环境大数据高质量发展提供支撑。

Ecological environment big data can further support the construction of ecological civilization and the construction of a beautiful China by modernizing the ecological environment governance system and capabilities. However, China’s eco-environmental big data strategy is difficult to implement because of mentality and technical bottlenecks. Facing the urgent demand of ecological environment protection for ecological environment big data during the 14th Five-Year period, this article summarizes the development status of ecological environment big data in China and analyzes the existing problems from three aspects: mechanism construction, technology research and development (R&D), and business support. Six key directions are presented: intelligent perception and problem identification of ecological environment; mining of evolution law and driving mechanism; traceability analysis of environmental pollution and ecosystem damages; scenario simulation and prediction evaluation; risk early warning and emergency decision-making; supervision and performance evaluation. Countermeasures are proposed focusing on management mechanism, data resource awareness, technology R&D and demonstration, capital investment, and talent training, thus to support the high-quality development of big data regarding ecological environment during the 14th Five-Year period.