空中交通正呈现大流量、强耦合、高时变特点，为保障运行的顺畅、高效与安全可靠，需要发展以数字化、自主化、协同式为典型特征的空中交通智能化管理模式。本文在阐述当前及未来一段时期内空中交通管理需求背景的基础上，立足发展趋势，从交通管制、空域管理、流量控制 3个方向剖析了传统空中交通管理面临的挑战，凝练了空中交通智能化管理涉及的航空器与空管基础设施相互作用机理和模式、基于可接受风险的航空器间隔空地协同控制、多要素形态非一致规则的空域运行建模优化、高密度空中交通流演化机理与拥堵传播特性等基础科学问题。研究建议，集成应用卫星互联网、大数据、数字孪生、云计算等前沿技术，从航空器、空域、管制决策、运行等方面着手构建空中交通智能化管理技术体系，从而确立新一代空中交通管理系统的技术基础。

Air traffic is exhibiting the characteristics of large flow, strong coupling, and high time variation. To ensure its smooth, efficient, safe, and reliable operation, an intelligent model for air traffic management that features digitalization, automation, and collaboration needs to be developed. This study reviews the current and future demand for air traffic management and analyzes the challenges faced by traditional air traffic management from the aspects of traffic control, airspace management, and flow control. It also summarizes four basic scientific problems: interaction mechanism and mode between aircraft and air control infrastructure, air–ground coordinated control of aircraft intervals based on acceptable risks, airspace operation modeling and optimization considering multiple factors and based on non-uniform rules, and evolution mechanism and congestion propagation features of high-density air traffic flow. Moreover, it is suggested to integrate the application of satellite Internet, big data, digital twin, cloud computing, and other frontier technologies, and build an intelligent management technology system for air traffic from the aspects of aircraft, airspace, control decision-making, and operation, thereby laying a technical foundation for the construction of a next-generation air traffic management system.