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An approach for evaluating the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on transmission expansion

Rongrit CHATTHAWORN,Surachai CHAITUSANEY

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第10期页码 871-882 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500049

摘要： We propose a new robust optimization approach to evaluate the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on transmission expansion planning (TEP). The objective function of TEP is composed of the investment cost of the transmission line and the operating cost of conventional generators. A method to select suitable scenarios representing the intermittent renewable energy generation and loads is proposed to obtain robust expansion planning for all possible scenarios. A meta-heuristic algorithm called adaptive tabu search (ATS) is employed in the proposed TEP. ATS iterates between the main problem, which minimizes the investment and operating costs, and the subproblem, which minimizes the cost of power generation from conventional generators and curtailments of renewable energy generation and loads. The subproblem is solved by nonlinear programming (NLP) based on an interior point method. Moreover, the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on TEP was evaluated by comparing expansion planning with and without consideration of a renewable energy source. The IEEE Reliability Test System 79 (RTS 79) was used for testing the proposed method and evaluating the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on TEP. The results show that the proposed robust optimization approach provides a more robust solution than other methods and that the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on TEP should be considered.

关键词： Adaptive tabu search Renewable energy generation Robust optimization Transmission expansion planning

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Impact force detection using an energy flow estimator with piezoelectric sensors

Xingjun WANG, Daniel GUYOMAR, Kaori YUSE, Mickaël LALLART, Lionel PETIT,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第5卷第2期页码 194-203 doi: 10.1007/s11465-010-0004-2

摘要： Currently, there are numerous methods for estimating impact locations. One is to find more detailed information because the system becomes complicated. Another method is to reduce energy, for which various autonomic energy harvesting methods have been developed. However, the occupied energy is still small. This paper proposes a simple, rapid, and low-powered impact estimation method based on energy flow direction estimation through a pair of piezoelectric sensors. The estimation energy flow is expressed by a Poynting vector subsequently linked to piezoelectric sensor voltage outputs. The presented approach is verified by numerical simulations and experiments.

关键词： impact detection energy flow piezoelectric sensor thin plate

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Mechanical properties and impact resistance of concrete composites with hybrid steel fibers

Fatih ÖZALP; Halit Dilşad YILMAZ; Burcu AKCAY

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第5期页码 615-623 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0828-y

摘要： The aim of this study is to develop concrete composites that are resistant to armor-piercing projectiles for defense structures. Different reinforcement configurations have been tested, such as short steel fibers, long steel fibers, and steel mesh reinforcement. Three different concrete mix designs were prepared as “Ultra High Performance (UHPFRC), High Performance (HPFRC) and Conventional (CFRC) Fiber Reinforced Concrete”. The content of hybrid steel fibers was approximately 5% in the UHPFRC and HPFRC mixtures, while the steel fiber content was approximately 2.5% in the CFRC mixture. In addition, a plain state of each mixture was produced. Mechanical properties of concrete were determined in experimental studies. In addition to the fracture energy and impact strength, two important indicators of ballistic performance of concrete are examined, which are the penetration depth and damage area. The results of the study show that the depth of penetration in UHPFRC was around 35% less than that in HPFRC. It was determined that the mixtures of UHPFRC and HPFRC containing 5% by volume of hybrid steel fibers showed superior performance (smaller crater diameter and the less projectile penetration depth) against armor-piercing projectiles in ballistic tests and could be used in defense structures.

关键词： projectile impact depth of penetration fracture energy crater diameter UHPFRC

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Large-scale geo-energy development: Sustainability impacts

Li JIANG,Liandong ZHU,Erkki HILTUNEN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 757-763 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0455-9

摘要： Geothermal energy is a renewable and alternative energy with the potential to replace fossil fuels and help mitigate global warming. However, the development of geothermal energy has environmental, economic and social-cultural consequences, which needs to be predicted beforehand and then mitigated. To guarantee a sustainable development, it is, therefore, essential to consider the relative potential impacts. From a sustainability point of view, in the present study, a comprehensive analysis of consequences of geothermal energy development is conducted, including environmental, economic and societal & cultural dimensions. The geothermal energy industry will prosper only if sustainable aspects can be integrally considered.

关键词： geothermal energy sustainability impact development

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Impact of inter-fuel substitution on energy intensity in Ghana

Boqiang LIN, Hermas ABUDU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 27-41 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0656-5

摘要： Energy intensity and elasticity, together with inter-fuel substitution are key issues in the current development stage of Ghana. Translog production and ridge regression are applied for studying these issues with a data range of 2000–2015. The current energy dynamics reveal the expected inverse relationship: higher energy intensity and lower elasticity with economic growth. There are evidences of energy-economic challenges: high energy cost, inefficiency and backfire rebound effect. The implications are higher energy losses in the system, more consumption of lower-quality energy together with low energy technology innovation. Energy is wasted and directly not productive with economic activities. It is observed further that the higher energy intensity invariably increases CO emission because approximately 95% of total energy is derived from hydrocarbons and biomass. An inter-fuel substitution future scenario design was further conducted and the results were positive with growth, lower energy intensity, and improved energy efficiency. Therefore, government and energy policymakers should improve energy efficiency, cost, and productiveness. That is, they should change energy compositions and augment energy technology innovation, thus, increasing renewable share to 15% by 2026, reducing wood and charcoal by about 69%, and increasing natural gas to about 776%. Energy policymakers should enhance the installation of smart energy, cloud energy solution, tokenization of energy system and storage.

关键词： energy intensity energy elasticity inter-fuel substitution prospects energy contribution Translog production approach ridge regression

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Impact of climate change on building heating energy consumption in Tianjin

Cao XIANG, Zhe TIAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 518-524 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0261-y

摘要： This paper investigated the variation of building heating energy consumption caused by global warming in Tianjin, China. Based on the hourly historical and monthly projected future (B1/A1B emissions scenarios) meteorological data, the variation of those relevant meteorological parameters was first analyzed. A TRNSYS simulation model for a reference building was introduced to investigate historical variation of office building energy consumption. The results showed that the 10-year-average heating energy consumption of 2001–2010 had reduced by 16.1% compared to that of 1961–1970. By conducting principal component analysis and regression analysis, future variation of building heating load was studied. For B1/A1B emissions scenarios, the multi-year-average heating load was found to decrease by 9.7% (18.1%)/10.2% (22.7%) compared to that of 1971–2010 by 2011–2050 (2051–2100).

关键词： global warming office building heating energy consumption

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Integration of climate change considerations into environmental impact assessment — implementation, problems

I-Shin CHANG, Jing WU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 598-607 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0496-1

摘要： Climate change plays an important role in affecting and altering the course of human development. So far, there have been no effective and efficient techniques to directly quantify the influences of climate change on human development, but there have been rough estimation and qualitative description of the effects. Since the 1990s, climate change considerations have been required to be included in environmental impact assessment, which is a flexible institutional framework of environmental risk evaluation and management. However, there have been no concrete achievements demonstrated. The purpose of this study was first to summarise the practical experience and to disclose the existing problems during the implementation of the process of integrating climate change considerations into environmental impact assessment in China through a case study. Currently in China, the practice of integrating climate change considerations into environmental impact assessment is mainly concentrated on the strategic environmental assessment level. The influences of climate change were identified as energy consumption, greenhouse gases emission, and the restraint of development under abnormal or extreme weather or climate conditions. Because of a lack of related technical guidelines and practical experience, the climate change considerations that have been selected and the evaluation methods that have been applied are quite different. Recommendations on policies, laws, and institutional regulations institution are proposed to better utilise environmental impact assessment to integrate climate change considerations into economic, social, and environmental decisions and actions.

关键词： climate change considerations environmental impact assessment energy consumption greenhouse gases low carbon

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Determination of energy dissipation of a spider silk structure under impulsive loading

Jorge ALENCASTRE,Carlos MAGO,Richard RIVERA

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第10卷第3期页码 306-310 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0349-7

摘要：

Various researches and studies have demonstrated that spider silk is much stronger and more deformable than a steel string of the same diameter from a mechanical approach. These excellent properties have caused many scientific disciplines to get involved, such as bio-mechanics, bio-materials and bio-mimetics, in order to create a material of similar properties and characteristics. It should be noted that the researches and studies have been oriented mainly as a quasi-static model. For this research, the analysis has taken a dynamic approach and determined the dissipation energy of a structure which is made of spider silk “Dragline” and produced by the Argiope-Argentata spider, through an analytical-experimental way, when being subjected to impulsive loading. Both experimental and analytical results, the latter obtained by using adjusted models, have given high levels of dissipation energy during the first cycle of vibration, which are consistent with the values suggested by other authors.

关键词： dissipation energy impact visco-elastic material spider silk

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Impact of household transitions on domestic energy consumption and its applicability to urban energy

Benachir MEDJDOUB, Moulay Larbi CHALAL

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第2期页码 171-183 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017029

摘要： The household sector consumes roughly 30% of Earth’s energy resources and emits approximately 17% of its carbon dioxide. As such, developing appropriate policies to reduce the CO emissions, which are associated with the world’s rapidly growing urban population, is a high priority. This, in turn, will enable the creation of cities that respect the natural environment and the well-being of future generations. However, most of the existing expertise focuses on enhancing the thermal quality of buildings through building physics while few studies address the social and behavioral aspects. In fact, focusing on these aspects should be more prominent, as they cause between 4% and 30% of variation in domestic energy consumption. Premised on that, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect in the context of the UK of household transitions on household energy consumption patterns. To achieve this, we applied statistical procedures (e.g., logistic regression) to official panel survey data comprising more than 5500 households in the UK tracked annually over the course of 18 years. This helped in predicting future transition patterns for different household types for the next 10 to 15 years. Furthermore, it enabled us to study the relationship between the predicted patterns and the household energy usage for both gas and electricity. The findings indicate that the life cycle transitions of a household significantly influence its domestic energy usage. However, this effect is mostly positive in direction and weak in magnitude. Finally, we present our developed urban energy model “EvoEnergy” to demonstrate the importance of incorporating such a concept in energy forecasting for effective sustainable energy decision-making.

关键词： urban energy planning household transitions smart cities energy forecasting household projection serious gaming

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Direct writing of electronics based on alloy and metal (DREAM) ink: A newly emerging area and its impacton energy, environment and health sciences

Qin ZHANG, Yi ZHENG, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 311-340 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0214-x

摘要： Electronics, such as printed circuit board (PCB), transistor, radio frequency identification (RFID), organic light emitting diode (OLED), solar cells, electronic display, lab on a chip (LOC), sensor, actuator, and transducer etc. are playing increasingly important roles in people’s daily life. Conventional fabrication strategy towards integrated circuit (IC), requesting at least six working steps, generally consumes too much energy, material and water, and is not environmentally friendly. During the etching process, a large amount of raw materials have to be abandoned. Besides, lithography and microfabrication are typically carried out in “Cleanroom” which restricts the location of IC fabrication and leads to high production costs. As an alternative, the newly emerging ink-jet printing electronics are gradually shaping modern electronic industry and its related areas, owing to the invention of a series of conductive inks composed of polymer matrix, conductive fillers, solvents and additives. Nevertheless, the currently available methods also encounter some technical troubles due to the low electroconductivity, complex sythesis and sintering process of the inks. As an alternative, a fundamentally different strategy was recently proposed by the authors’ lab towards truly direct writing of electronics through introduction of a new class of conductive inks made of low melting point liquid metal or its alloy. The method has been named as direct writing of electronics based on alloy and metal (DREAM) ink. A series of functional circuits, sensors, electronic elements and devices can thus be easily written on various either soft or rigid substrates in a moment. With more and more technical progresses and fundamental discoveries being kept made along this category, it was found that a new area enabled by the DREAM ink electronics is emerging, which would have tremendous impacts on future energy and environmental sciences. In order to promote the research and development along this direction, the present paper is dedicated to draft a comprehensive picture on the DREAM ink technology by summarizing its most basic features and principles. Some important low melting point metal ink candidates, especially the room temperature liquid metals such as gallium and its alloy, were collected, listed and analyzed. The merits and demerits between conventional printed electronics and the new direct writing methods were comparatively evaluated. Important scientific issues and technical strategies to modify the DREAM ink were suggested and potential application areas were proposed. Further, digestions on the impacts of the new technology among energy, health, and environmental sciences were presented. Meanwhile, some practical challenges, such as security, environment-friendly feature, steady usability, package, etc. were summarized. It is expected that the DREAM ink technology will initiate a series of unconventional applications in modern society, and even enter into peoples’ daily life in the near future.

关键词： direct writing of electronics based on alloy and metal (DREAM) ink direct writing of electronics printed electronics liquid metal ink integrated circuit consumer electronics nano liquid metal

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The Environmental Impact of the Three Gorges Project and the Countermeasures

You-mei Lu,Cun-liang Shang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第2期页码 120-128 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014019

摘要： The Three Gorges Project (TGP) is a landmark Chinese hydroelectric project with the goal of harnessing the Yangtze River and developing its water resources. Because of its enormous size and far-reaching influence, the project’s impact on the Yangtze River’s original ecological environment has been a concern to many people. This article examines the environmental effects of TGP with regard to reservoir-induced seismicity and bank stability, climate changes, sedimentation and bank erosion, the protection of aquatic species and water quality, and resettlement. Based on the operation monitoring data of TGP in 10 years (2003—2012), this article analyzes the tendency of reservoir-induced seismicity and bank stability, developing trend of sedimentation and bank erosion, the interplay between climate change and TGP, the distribution and cause of water contamination, the situation of aquatic species’ protection and living situation of resettled residents. At the same time, this article lists the comprehensive benefits of TGP in flood control, power generation, shipping, water supply, energy conservation and emission reduction. In the end, the authors deem that there is a dynamic and harmonious relationship between humankind and nature. The cognition about TGP will be progressed in practice, and harmonious relationship between the environment and TGP will be achieved through more practice.

关键词： the Three Gorges Project ecosystem aquatic species water quality flood control disaster alleviation energy saving emission reduction

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Impact of energy structure adjustment on air quality: a case study in Beijing, China

Bin ZHAO, Jiayu XU, Jiming HAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 378-390 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0357-8

摘要： Energy consumption is a major cause of air pollution in Beijing, and the adjustment of the energy structure is of strategic importance to the reduction of carbon intensity and the improvement of air quality. In this paper, we explored the future trend of energy structure adjustment in Beijing till 2020, designed five energy scenarios focusing on the fuel substitution in power plants and heating sectors, established emission inventories, and utilized the Mesoscale Modeling System Generation 5 (MM5) and the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) to evaluate the impact of these measures on air quality. By implementing this systematic energy structure adjustment, the emissions of PM , PM , SO , NO , and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) will decrease distinctly by 34.0%, 53.2%, 78.3%, 47.0%, and 30.6% respectively in the most coal-intensive scenario of 2020 compared with 2005. Correspondingly, MM5-Models-3/CMAQ simulations indicate significant reduction in the concentrations of major pollutants, implying that energy structure adjustment can play an important role in improving Beijing’s air quality. By fuel substitution for power plants and heating boilers, PM , PM , SO , NO , and NMVOCs will be reduced further, but slightly by 1.7%, 4.5%, 11.4%, 13.5%, and 8.8% respectively in the least coal-intensive scenario. The air quality impacts of different scenarios in 2020 resemble each other, indicating that the potential of air quality improvement due to structure adjustment in power plants and heating sectors is limited. However, the CO emission is 10.0% lower in the least coal-intensive scenario than in the most coal-intensive one, contributing to Beijing’s ambition to build a low carbon city. Except for energy structure adjustment, it is necessary to take further measures to ensure the attainment of air quality standards.

关键词： Beijing energy structure adjustment air quality Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) scenario

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中法关于核能与环境的联合研究 Feature Article

赵宪庚, 叶其蓁, Sébastien Candel, Dominique Vignon, Robert Guillaumont

《工程（英文）》 2023年第26卷第7期页码 159-172 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.011

摘要：

本文聚焦核能的环境影响问题，将解决如下核能发电相关的主要环境问题：①控制正常运行条件下核设施的放射性排放，评估其非放射性环境影响（取水与非放射性水的排放）；②乏燃料与放射性废物的长期管理，主要是通过地质处置库处理的乏燃料或放射性废物；③防止和缓解严重核事故以及核事故的放射性释放；④改善核安全水平，以限制核能的环境影响，提升公众的核能接受度。核能的温室气体排放水平非常低，可以根据需求供应大规模、可调度电力，在此方面核能具有独特的优势。在正常运行工况下，核电站每年释放到周围公众的有效辐射剂量可以忽略不计。国际社会已经开展了大量的努力，以确定可持续管理地质处置条件下高放长寿命放射性废物的方法。过去几次严重核事故中获得的经验为核能生产相关的安全问题提供了经验，也促成了重要的安全改进，其中包括反应堆的设计和运行管理方面的改善以及事故管理指导方针的制定等。事实证明，这些经验是非常宝贵的。严重事故的环境风险已经被大幅降低，相关的规约也已经建立起来，以最大限度地减少严重核事故条件下放射性物质的释放，并避免大规模的人员疏散。还需要继续采取措施，改善反应堆的安全性，提升核工业与核监管机构的透明度，以进一步降低核能的环境影响。

关键词：核能环境影响放射性废物管理严重核事故核安全

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Influence of recycled polyethylene terephthalate fibres on plastic shrinkage and mechanical properties of concrete

Necat ÖZAŞIK; Özgür EREN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期页码 792-802 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0849-6

摘要： Polyethylene terephthalate bottles production has drastically increased year after year due to high versatility of polyethylene terephthalate plastics and considerable consumption of beverages. In tandem with that increase, the major concern of society has been the improper disposal of this non-biodegradable material to the environment. To deal with this concern, recycled polyethylene terephthalate bottles were incorporated in concrete as fibre reinforcements in this study. The objective of this research is to evaluate the mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate fibre reinforced concrete (RPFRC) in comparison with control concrete without fibres. polyethylene terephthalate fibres with three different diameters (0.45, 0.65, and 1.0 mm) and two lengths (20 and 30 mm) were added at various proportions (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) by volume of concrete in order to determine the effect of fibres initially on compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete. The results revealed that none of the fibres have detrimental effects up to 1% volume fraction, however further addition caused slight reductions on mechanical properties in some conditions. Plastic shrinkage resistance and impact resistance tests were also performed according to related standards. Polyethylene terephthalate fibres were observed to have marked improvements on those properties. Such a good performance could be attributed primarily to the bridging effect of fibres.

关键词： recycled PET fibre-reinforced concrete mechanical properties plastic shrinkage impact energy

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Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

CHENG Hongguang, PU Xiao, GONG Li, QI Ye

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第4期页码 448-453 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0071-8

摘要： Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held re

关键词： public impact assessment Environmental impact general