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基于Cu(In,Ga)Se2sub> 低成本薄膜的光伏技术的进展

Powalla Michael,Paetel Stefan,Hariskos Dimitrios,Wuerz Roland,Kessler Friedrich,Lechner Peter,Wischmann Wiltraud,Magorian Friedlmeier Theresa

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第4期页码 445-451 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.015

摘要：

本文讨论了基于Cu(In,Ga)Se 2sub> (CIGS) 复合薄膜半导体材料的光伏（PV）技术。

关键词：薄膜光伏太阳能柔性 Cu(In Ga)Se2sub>

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一种促进低温快速沉积Cu(In,Ga)Se2sub>薄膜生长的单加热克努森蒸发源的改良设计 Article

张运祥, 林舒平, 程世清, 何志超, 胡朝静, 周志强, 刘玮, 孙云

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第4期页码 534-541 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.01.016

摘要：

在共蒸发工艺中，克努森蒸发源经常被用来生长高质量Cu(In,Ga)Se2sub>（CIGS）薄膜。

关键词： Cu(In Ga)Se2sub> 克努森蒸发源凝结液滴喷射低温

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碱金属掺杂对CIGS 薄膜及电池器件的影响

孙云,林舒平,李伟,程世清,张运祥,刘一鸣,刘玮

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第4期页码 452-459 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.020

摘要：

本文总结了Cu(In, Ga)Se2sub> (CIGS) 电池中掺杂碱金属的发展历史和一些重要成果，综述了碱金属掺杂方式对CIGS 吸收层及器件性能的影响。通过分析由(NaF+KF)-PDT 导致的CIGS 表面结构及电学性能的改变，我们提出并解释了如下几个问题：①在低温沉积CIGS 薄膜过程中，Na 促进了CuInSe2sub>的优先形成，msub>VCu转型为施主缺陷 $Cd$ Cu

关键词：碱金属 Cu(In Ga)Se2sub> 薄膜太阳能电池 PDT

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Cu(Inxsub>,Ga1–xsub>)Se2sub> (CIGS)模块中由P1引起的功率损耗的成因"> 用高光谱发光法研究Cu(Inxsub>,Ga1–xsub>)Se2sub> (CIGS)模块中由P1引起的功率损耗的成因 Article César Omar Ramírez Quiroz, Laura-Isabelle Dion-Bertrand, Christoph J. Brabec, Joachim Müller, Kay Orgassa 《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第12期页码 1395-1402 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.12.019

摘要：在本文中，我们利用了高光谱高分辨率光致发光映射技术，这是一个强大的工具，可用于选择和优化在Cu(Inxsub>,Ga1-xsub>)Se2sub>（CIGS）模块上对子电池进行图案化互连的激光烧蚀工艺。

关键词： Cu(Inx Ga1–x)Se2 电池到模块的效率差距由P1引起的功率损耗高光谱光致发光激光烧蚀短程热效应

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Advantageous mechanochemical synthesis of copper(I) selenide semiconductor, characterization, and properties 《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期页码 433-442 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2066-6

摘要： Copper(I) selenide-nanocrystalline semiconductor was synthesized via one-step mechanochemical synthesis after 5 min milling in a planetary ball mill. The kinetics of synthesis was followed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis and specific surface area measurements of milled 2Cu/Se mixtures. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of Cu₂Se with the crystallite size ~25 nm. The surface chemical structure was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, whereby the binding energy of the Cu 2p and Se 3d signals corresponded to Cu⁺ and Se^2– oxidation states. Transmission electron microscopy revealed agglomerated nanocrystals and confirmed their orthorhombic structure, as well. The optical properties were studied utilizing ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The direct bandgap energy 3.7 eV indicated a blue-shift phenomenon due to the quantum size effect. This type of Cu₂Se synthesis can be easily adapted to production dimensions using an industrial vibratory mill. The advantages of mechanochemical synthesis represent the potential for inexpensive, environmentally-friendly, and waste-free manufacturing of Cu₂Se.

关键词： Cu₂Se berzelianite nanocrystalline semiconductor mechanochemical synthesis planetary ball mill

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离聚物基封装胶膜的吸湿解吸——一种用于CIGS 薄膜光伏组件的自呼吸封装胶膜 Article Miao Yang, Raymund Schäffler, Tobias Repmann, Kay Orgassa 《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第12期页码 1403-1407 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.020

摘要：本文引入了一种创新的基于离聚物的多层封装胶膜用以代替传统双层玻璃光伏组件的封装材料。利用该封装胶膜，在不需要额外的边缘密封的情况下就能防止水汽渗透。本文分析了这种封装胶膜及其原料——聚（乙烯-共丙烯酸）和离聚物——在不同气候条件下的自发吸湿和解吸。相对空气湿度是这些逆过程的热力学驱动力，并决定了其平衡含水率（equilibrium moisture content, EMC）。空气湿度越大，EMC也越大。被吸收的水分子的均质化是一个扩散控制过程，其中温度起主要作用。然而，其在较高温度下扩散系数仍相对较低。我们认为，当光伏组件在正常气候条件下使用时，基于离聚物的封装胶膜可“呼吸”水汽，即在白天相对湿度较高时，它会“吸入”（吸收）水分并将其限制在组件的外边缘内，而在夜晚相对湿度较低时，它则会“呼出”（解吸）水分。通过这种方式，封装胶膜可以保护电池免受水汽的侵入。

关键词：离聚物封装胶膜吸湿解吸 Cu(In Ga)Se2sub>光伏组件

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Cu/ZrO"> Preparation of Cu/ZrO Xinmei LIU, Shaofen BAI, Huidong ZHUANG, Zifeng YAN 《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 47-52 doi: 10.1007/s11705-011-1170-4

摘要： Cu/ZrO catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO /H were respectively prepared by deposition coprecipitation (DP) and solid state reaction (SR) methods. There is an intimate interaction between copper and zirconia, which strongly affects the reduction property and catalytic performance of the catalysts. The stronger the interaction, the lower the reduction temperature and the better the performance of the catalysts. Surface area, pore structure and crystal structure of the catalysts are mainly controlled by preparation methods and alkalinity of synthesis system. The conversion of CO and selectivity of methanol are higher for DP catalysts than for SP catalysts.

关键词： Cu/ZrO₂ methanol synthesis deposition coprecipitation solid state reaction CO₂/H₂

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Cu-doped Bi/Bi2sub>WO6sub> catalysts for efficient N2sub> fixation by photocatalysis"> Cu-doped Bi/Bi2sub>WO6sub> catalysts for efficient N2sub> fixation by photocatalysis 《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第10期页码 1412-1422 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2312-1

摘要： In this paper, Cu-doped Bi₂WO₆ was synthesized via a solvothermal method and applied it in photocatalytic N₂ immobilization. Characterization results showed the presence of a small amount of metallic Bi in the photocatalyst, indicating that the synthesized photocatalyst is actually Bi/Cu-Bi₂WO₆ composite. The doped Cu had a valence state of +2 and most likely substituted the position of Bi³⁺. The introduced Cu did not affect the metallic Bi content, but mainly influenced the energy band structure of Bi₂WO₆. The band gap was slightly narrowed, the conduction band was elevated, and the work function was reduced. The reduced work function improved the transfer and separation of charge carriers, which mainly caused the increased photoactivity. The optimized NH₃ generation rates of Bi/Cu-Bi₂WO₆ reached 624 and 243 μmol·L^–1·g^–1·h^–1 under simulated solar and visible light, and these values were approximately 2.8 and 5.9 times higher those of Bi/Bi₂WO₆, respectively. This research provides a method for improving the photocatalytic N₂ fixation and may provide more information on the design and preparation of heteroatom-doped semiconductor photocatalysts for N₂-to-NH₃ conversion.

关键词： Bi₂WO₆ Cu doping work function photocatalytic N₂ fixation charge separation

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In situ growth of phosphorized ZIF-67-derived amorphous CoP/Cu2sub>O@CF electrocatalyst"> >In situ growth of phosphorized ZIF-67-derived amorphous CoP/Cu2sub>O@CF electrocatalyst 《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第10期页码 1430-1439 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2320-1

摘要： Transition metal phosphides have been extensively studied for catalytic applications in water splitting. Herein, we report an in situ phosphorization of zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF-67) to generate amorphous cobalt phosphide/ZIF-67 heterojunction on a self-supporting copper foam (CF) substrate with excellent performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The needle-leaf like copper hydroxide was anchored on CF surface, which acted as implantation to grow ZIF-67. The intermediate product was phosphorized to obtain final electrocatalyst (CoP/Cu₂O@CF) with uniform particle size, exhibiting a rhombic dodecahedron structure with wrinkles on the surface. The electrochemical measurement proved that CoP/Cu₂O@CF catalyst exhibited excellent HER activity and long-term stability in 1.0 mol·L^–1 KOH solution. The overpotential was only 62 mV with the Tafel slope of 83 mV·dec^–1 at a current density of 10 mA·cm^–2, with a large electrochemical active surface area. It also showed competitive performance at large current which indicated the potential application to industrial water electrolysis to produce hydrogen. First-principle calculations illustrated that benefit from the construction of CoP/ZIF-67 heterojunction, the d-band center of CoP downshifted after bonding with ZIF-67 and the Gibbs free energy (ΔG_H*) changed from –0.18 to –0.11 eV, confirming both decrease in overpotential and excellent HER activity. This work illustrates the efficient HER activity of CoP/Cu₂O@CF catalyst, which will act as a potential candidate for precious metal electrocatalysts.

关键词： CoP/Cu₂O@CF electrocatalyst phosphorization HER DFT

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Cu-modified active carbon fiber significantly promoted HS and PH simultaneous removal at a low reaction"> A Cu-modified active carbon fiber significantly promoted HS and PH simultaneous removal at a low reaction 《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1425-3

摘要： • Cu_0.15-ACF performs the best for H₂S and PH₃ simultaneous removal.

关键词： ACF H₂S PH₃ Cu Low temperature Simultaneous removal

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Cu/ZnO/Al"> Preparation of Cu/ZnO/Al Hui FAN, Huayan ZHENG, Zhong LI 《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 445-451 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-0521-x

摘要： Cu/ZnO/Al O catalysts with Cu/Zn/Al ratios of 6/3/1 were precipitated and aged by conventional and microwave heating methods and tested in the slurry phase reactor for methanol synthesis. The effect of technological condition of precipitation and aging process under microwave irradiation on the catalytic performance was investigated to optimize the preparing condition of Cu/ZnO/Al O catalyst. The results showed that the microwave irradiation during precipitation process could improve the activity of the catalyst, but had little effect on the stability. While the microwave irradiation during aging process has a great benefit to both the activity and stability of the catalyst, the catalyst aged at 80°C for 1 h under microwave irradiation possessed higher methanol space time yield (STY) and more stable catalytic activity. The activity and stability of the catalyst was further enhanced when microwave irradiation was used in both precipitation and aging processes; the optimized condition for the catalyst precursor preparation was precipitation at 60°C and aging at 80°C under microwave irradiation.

关键词： microwave irradiation precipitation temperature aging temperature methanol synthesis Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst

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Cu–Ce–Zr catalysts"> An investigation of the CHOH and CO selectivity of CO hydrogenation over Cu–Ce–Zr catalysts 《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期页码 950-962 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2162-2

摘要： A series of Cu–Ce–Zr catalysts with different Ce contents are applied to the hydrogenation of CO₂ to CO/CH₃OH products. The Cu–Ce–Zr catalyst with 2 wt% Ce loading shows higher CO selectivity (S_CO = 0.0%–87.8%) from 200–300 °C, while the Cu–Ce–Zr catalyst with 8 wt% Ce loading presents higher CO₂ conversion (

X C O 2

= 5.4%–15.6%) and CH₃OH selectivity (

S C H 3 O H

= 97.8%–40.6%). The number of hydroxyl groups and solid solution nature play a significant role in changing the reaction pathway. The solid solution enhances the CO₂ adsorption ability. At the CO₂ adsorption step, a larger number of hydroxyl groups over the Cu–Ce–Zr catalyst with 8 wt% Ce loading leads to the production of H-containing adsorption species. At the CO₂ hydrogenation step, a larger number of hydroxyl groups assists in encouraging the further hydrogenation of intermediate species to CH₃OH and improving the hydrogenation rate. Hence, the Cu–Ce–Zr catalyst with 8 wt% Ce loading favors CH₃OH selectivity and CO₂ activation, while CO is preferred on the Cu–Ce–Zr catalyst with 2 wt% Ce loading, a smaller number of hydroxyl groups and a solid solution nature. Additionally, high-pressure in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy shows that CO is produced from formate decomposition and that both monodentate formate and bidentate formate are active intermediate species of CO₂ hydrogenation to CH₃OH.

关键词： CO₂ hydrogenation Cu–Ce–Zr hydroxyls CO/CH₃OH selectivity

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Catalytic hydrolysis of gaseous HCN over Cu–Ni/γ-Al

Linxia Yan, Senlin Tian, Jian Zhou, Xin Yuan

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0872-8

摘要： ? The Cu–Ni/γ-Al O catalyst was prepared to study HCN hydrolysis ? On catalyst calcined at 400°C, the HCN removal efficiency reaches a maximum. ? HCN removal is the highest at 480 min at a H O/HCN volume ratio of 150 ? The presence of CO facilitates HCN hydrolysis and increases NH production. ? O increases the HCN removal and NO production but decreases NH production GRAPHIC ABSTRACT To decompose efficiently hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in exhaust gas, g-Al O -supported bimetallic-based Cu–Ni catalyst was prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation method. The effects of the calcination temperature, H O/HCN volume ratio, reaction temperature, and the presence of CO or O on the HCN removal efficiency on the Cu–Ni/g-Al O catalyst were investigated. To examine further the efficiency of HCN hydrolysis, degradation products were analyzed. The results indicate that the HCN removal efficiency increases and then decreases with increasing calcination temperature and H O/HCN volume ratio. On catalyst calcined at 400°C, the efficiency reaches a maximum close to 99% at 480 min at a H O/HCN volume ratio of 150. The HCN removal efficiency increases with increasing reaction temperature within the range of 100°C–500°C and reaches a maximum at 500°C. This trend may be attributed to the endothermicity of HCN hydrolysis; increasing the temperature favors HCN hydrolysis. However, the removal efficiencies increases very few at 500°C compared with that at 400°C. To conserve energy in industrial operations, 400°C is deemed as the optimal reaction temperature. The presence of CO facilitates HCN hydrolysis andincreases NH production. O substantially increases the HCN removal efficiency and NO production but decreases NH production.

关键词： Hydrogen cyanide Cu–Ni/g-Al₂O₃ Catalytic hydrolysis

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Optimization of electrochemically synthesized Cu

Kasra Pirzadeh, Ali Asghar Ghoreyshi, Mostafa Rahimnejad, Maedeh Mohammadi

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 233-247 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1893-1

摘要： Cu (BTC) , a common type of metal organic framework (MOF), was synthesized through electrochemical route for CO capture and its separation from N . Taguchi method was employed for optimization of key parameters affecting the synthesis of Cu (BTC) . The results indicated that the optimum synthesis conditions with the highest CO selectivity can be obtained using 1 g of ligand, applied voltage of 25 V, synthesis time of 2 h, and electrode length of 3 cm. The single gas sorption capacity of the synthetized microstructure Cu (BTC) for CO (at 298 K and 1 bar) was a considerable value of 4.40 mmol·g . The isosteric heat of adsorption of both gases was calculated by inserting temperature-dependent form of Langmuir isotherm model in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The adsorption of CO /N binary mixture with a concentration ratio of 15/85 vol-% was also studied experimentally and the result was in a good agreement with the predicted value of IAST method. Moreover, Cu (BTC) showed no considerable loss in CO adsorption after six sequential cycles. In addition, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were also applied to predict the separation behavior of CO /N mixture by MOFs and the results revealed that ANNs could serve as an appropriate tool to predict the adsorptive selectivity of the binary gas mixture in the absence of experimental data.

关键词： Cu₃(BTC)₂ electrochemical synthesis CO₂ adsorption Taguchi optimization ANN modeling

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NO hydrogenation to NH over FeCu/TiO catalyst with improved activity

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第12期页码 1973-1985 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2364-2

摘要： Ammonia is crucial in industry and agriculture, but its production is hindered by environmental concerns and energy-intensive processes. Hence, developing an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst is imperative. In this study, we employed a straightforward and efficient impregnation technique to create various Cu-doped catalysts. Notably, the optimized 10Fe-8Cu/TiO₂ catalyst exhibited exceptional catalytic performance in converting NO to NH₃, achieving an NO conversion rate exceeding 80% and an NH₃ selectivity exceeding 98% at atmospheric pressure and 350 °C. We employed in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and conducted density functional theory calculations to investigate the intermediates and subsequent adsorption. Our findings unequivocally demonstrate that Cu doping enhances the rate-limiting hydrogenation step and lowers the energy barrier for NH₃ desorption, thereby resulting in improved NO conversion and enhanced selectivity toward ammonia. This study presents a pioneering approach toward energy-efficient ammonia synthesis and recycling of nitrogen sources.

关键词： NO hydrogenation synthetic ammonia 10Fe-xCu/TiO₂ high selectivity