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2021, Volume 15, Issue 4

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Frontiers of Medicine >> 2021, Volume 15, Issue 4 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0814-5

Avian influenza A: an avian influenza virus from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic

. Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518114, China.. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.. Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin 300308, China.. CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.. CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.. National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.. University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.. Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China

Received: 2020-12-03 Accepted: 2021-04-15 Available online: 2021-04-15
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Abstract

The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.

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