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Experimental study of wind loads on gable roofs of low-rise buildings with overhangs

Peng HUANG, Ling TAO, Ming GU, Yong QUAN

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2018, Volume 12, Issue 3,   Pages 300-317 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0449-7

Abstract:

Gable roofs with overhangs (eaves) are the common constructions of low-rise buildings on the southeastern coast of China, and they were vulnerable to typhoons from experience. The wind pressure distributions on gable roofs of low-rise buildings are investigated by a series of wind tunnel tests which consist of 99 test cases with various roof pitches, height-depth ratios and width-depth ratios. The block pressure coefficients and worst negative (block) pressure coefficients on different roof regions of low-rise buildings are proposed for the main structure and building envelope, respectively. The effects of roof pitch, height-depth ratio, and width-depth ratio on the pressure coefficients of each region are analyzed in detail. In addition, the pressure coefficients on the roofs for the main structure and building envelope are fitted according to roof pitch, height-depth ratio and width-depth ratio of the low-rise building. Meanwhile, the rationality of the fitting formulas is verified by comparing the fitting results with the codes of different countries. Lastly, the block pressure coefficients and worst negative pressure coefficients are recommended to guide the design of low-rise buildings in typhoon area and act as references for the future’s modification of wind load codes.

Keywords： low-rise building     gable roof     wind loads     wind tunnel test     block pressure coefficient     load code    

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Integration of renewable energies, flexible loads and storages into the German power grid: Actual situation

Harald SCHWARZ, Xiaoshu CAI

Frontiers in Energy 2017, Volume 11, Issue 2,   Pages 107-118 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0470-x

Abstract: Starting from the late 1990’s, the German government decided to change the national electric power supply system dramatically. The main stimulating instrument was the German Law on Renewable Energies (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz (EEG)), which guaranteed a fixed feed-in tariff to everyone who was willing to invest into renewable generation. Based on the year of commissioning, defined revenues per kWh were fixed for the next 20 years. Due to a very attractive over-funding, more than 1.5 million renewable generation units were connected to the German grid up to the end of 2015. According to the EEG, renewable generation units can feed to the grid wherever they are located and whenever they are able to produce. The old physical principle was and is still neglected, which clearly stated that generation always has to follow the demand—simply due to the limited availability of storages in the power system. Only in cases, when temporarily renewable overproduction exceeds the tolerable loading of lines or transformers respectively endangers the system stability in total, are German grid operators allowed to announce curtailments by emergency measures. Even in such cases, the “not produced energy” from renewable sources has to be funded. Although the installed capacity from renewables is much higher than the peak load in Germany, it contributes only about 32% to German average annual energy. Unfortunately, the regional distribution of renewable generation and load is very different, e.g. in the northeast of Germany, this Renewable Energy (RE)-ratio meanwhile exceeds 100% due to the high RE-penetration and low load. High transits of renewable overproduction from the north to the south will be necessary at nearly every day per year. Therefore, a tremendous change is needed within the German power grid. This paper will give a first overview followed by several others, describing possible solutions on how to overcome this critical situation.

Keywords： grid integration     renewable energies     system stability     storages     flexible loads     new market design    

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Possible role of power-to-heat and power-to-gas as flexible loads in German medium voltage networks

Mark KUPRAT, Martin BENDIG, Klaus PFEIFFER

Frontiers in Energy 2017, Volume 11, Issue 2,   Pages 135-145 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0472-8

Abstract: This curtailment of RES leads to economic losses and could be avoided through flexible loads.

Keywords： power-to-gas     power-to-heat     flexible loads     ancillary services     coherent energy systems    

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Possible role of power-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid as storages and flexible loads in the German 110

Erik BLASIUS

Frontiers in Energy 2017, Volume 11, Issue 2,   Pages 146-154 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0475-5

Abstract: The sectoral coupling of road traffic (in form of E-Mobility) and electrical energy supply (known as power-to-vehicle (P2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is discussed as one of the possible development concepts for the flexible system integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and the support of the objectives of the German energy transition (aka. Energiewende). It is obvious that E-mobility, which shall produce as few emissions as possible, should be based on the exclusive use of renewable energies. At the same time, the E-mobility can help to reduce the negative effects of the grid integration of RES to the distribution grids. However, this assumes that the electric vehicles are smart integrated to the grids where they charge, meaning that they must be able to communicate and be controllable. Because per se unplanned and uncontrollable charging processes are harmful for the grid operation, especially if they occur frequently and unexpected in similar time periods, the effects can hardly be controlled and can lead to serious technical problems in practical grid operation. This paper provides an insight into the current development of E-mobility in Germany. The insight will be matched with the German development of the RES. By the combination of both sectors, the possible role of the E-mobility for the distribution grid will be depicted, which can have positive and negative aspects.

Keywords： P2V     V2G     grid integration     electric vehicles     distribution grid    

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Unified solution of limit loads of thick wall cylinder subject to external pressure considering strain

CHEN Changfu, XIAO Shujun, YANG Yu

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2007, Volume 1, Issue 3,   Pages 329-333 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0043-x

Abstract: strain softening materials, such as concrete or rock, was derived, and the elastic and plastic limit loadsIn addition, the influence of some factors on the limit loads of such cylinders as the ratio of the external
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Applications of thermostatically controlled loads for demand response with the proliferation of variable

Meng SONG, Wei SUN

Frontiers in Energy 2022, Volume 16, Issue 1,   Pages 64-73 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0732-5

Abstract: Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) attract tremendous attentions because of their specific thermal

Keywords： thermostatically controlled load     demand response     renewable energy     power system operation    

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Stormwater runoff pollution loads from an urban catchment with rainy climate in China

Liqing LI, Baoqing SHAN, Chenqing YIN

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 5,   Pages 672-677 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0447-2

Abstract: More than 50% of the SS and COD loads were transported by the first 30% of runoff volume.

Keywords： combined sewer overflow     pollution load     first flush     detention basins    

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Numerical analysis of bearing behaviors of single batter piles under horizontal loads in various directions

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2023, Volume 17, Issue 2,   Pages 224-237 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0914-1

Abstract: practical engineering; however, the horizontal responses of SBPs change with the directions of horizontal loadsFour model tests are conducted to preliminarily examine the effects of the skew angle of horizontal loadsSubsequently, the differences in the responses of the SBPs under horizontal loads in various directions

Keywords： single batter pile     skew horizontal load     model test     finite-element analysis     empirical design method    

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Enhanced methane production during long-term UASB operation at high organic loads as enabled by the immobilized

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 6, doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1505-4

Abstract:

• Fungi enable the constant UASB operation even at OLR of 25.0 kg/(m3×d).

Keywords： Anaerobic digestion     Fungi     Methane production     High OLR     Microbial community    

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Fully Flexible Loads in Distributed Energy Management: PV, Batteries, Loads and Value Stacking in Virtual

Andrew Mears, James Martin

Engineering 2020, Volume 6, Issue 7,   Pages 736-738 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.07.004

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Model testing of tripod caisson foundations in silty clay subjected to eccentric lateral loads

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2023, Volume 17, Issue 3,   Pages 467-476 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0933-6

Abstract: to investigate the bearing capacities of tripod caisson foundations subjected to eccentric lateral loads

Keywords： tripod caisson foundation     silty clay     eccentric lateral capacity     model tests    

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Demand Flexibility of Residential Buildings: Definitions, Flexible Loads, and Quantification Methods Review

Zhengyi Luo, Jinqing Peng, Jingyu Cao, Rongxin Yin, Bin Zou, Yutong Tan, Jinyue Yan

Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 9,   Pages 123-140 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.01.010

Abstract: recent research on the demand flexibility of residential buildings in regard to definitions, flexible loadsMoreover, the flexibility capabilities and operation characteristics of the main residential flexible loadsModels and evaluation indicators to quantify the flexibility of these flexible loads are reviewed andThese flexible loads are different in running modes, usage frequencies, seasons, and capabilities forrecommendations are given for the application of white-, black-, and grey-box models for modeling flexible loads

Keywords： Residential building     Demand flexibility     Flexible loads     Modeling techniques     Quantification indicators    

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the confine-stiffening effect and fractal cracking of square concrete filled steel tubes in tension loads

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2021, Volume 15, Issue 6,   Pages 1317-1336 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0763-3

Abstract: Tension stress in steel-concrete composite is widely observed in engineering design. Based on an experimental program on tension performance of three square concrete-filled tubes (SCFT), the tension theory of SCFT is proposed using a mechanics-based approach. The tension stiffening effect, the confining strengthening effect and the confining stiffening effect, observed in tests of SCFTs are included in the developed tension theory model. Subsequently, simplified constitutive models of steel and concrete are proposed for the axial tension performance of SCFT. Based on the MSC.MARC software, a special fiber beam-column element is proposed to include the confining effect of SCFTs under tension and verified. The proposed analytical theory, effective formulas, and equivalent constitutive laws are extensively verified against three available tests reported in the literature on both global level (e.g., load-displacement curves) and strain level. The experimental verification proves the accuracy of the proposed theory and formulations in simulating the performance of SCFT members under tension with the capability to accurately predict the tensile strength and stiffness enhancements and realistically simulate the fractal cracking phenomenon.

Keywords： square concrete filled tubes     confine-stiffening     confine-strengthening     fractal cracking     fracture    

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Mean wind load induced incompatibility in nonlinear aeroelastic simulations of bridge spans

Zhitian ZHANG

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 3,   Pages 605-617 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0499-x

Abstract: incompatibility and nonlinearity in bridge aerodynamics is discussed, where the mean wind and aeroelastic loadskind of incompatibility is found during the simultaneous simulation of the mean wind and aeroelastic loads

Keywords： bridge     aerodynamics     nonlinear     aeroelastic model     Pseudo-steady     mean wind loads    

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The study of forced vibration for threetower suspension bridge under moving loads

Feng Zhaoxiang,Chen Liang and Miu Changqing

Strategic Study of CAE 2012, Volume 14, Issue 5,   Pages 80-84

Abstract: characteristics of the finite element model are analyzed and then the effects of different moving speeds and loadsof force and displacement of three-tower twospan continuous suspension bridge under simply moving loadsand equivalent static loads are the same.The structural will be greater when moving loads quantity and speed become greater and they have similaramplification factor of structural force and displacement does not vary with the quantity change of moving loads

Keywords： dynamic characteristics     forced vibration     response     load amplification factor    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Experimental study of wind loads on gable roofs of low-rise buildings with overhangs

Peng HUANG, Ling TAO, Ming GU, Yong QUAN

Journal Article

Integration of renewable energies, flexible loads and storages into the German power grid: Actual situation

Harald SCHWARZ, Xiaoshu CAI

Journal Article

Possible role of power-to-heat and power-to-gas as flexible loads in German medium voltage networks

Mark KUPRAT, Martin BENDIG, Klaus PFEIFFER

Journal Article

Possible role of power-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid as storages and flexible loads in the German 110

Erik BLASIUS

Journal Article

Unified solution of limit loads of thick wall cylinder subject to external pressure considering strain

CHEN Changfu, XIAO Shujun, YANG Yu

Journal Article

Applications of thermostatically controlled loads for demand response with the proliferation of variable

Meng SONG, Wei SUN

Journal Article

Stormwater runoff pollution loads from an urban catchment with rainy climate in China

Liqing LI, Baoqing SHAN, Chenqing YIN

Journal Article

Numerical analysis of bearing behaviors of single batter piles under horizontal loads in various directions

Journal Article

Enhanced methane production during long-term UASB operation at high organic loads as enabled by the immobilized

Journal Article

Fully Flexible Loads in Distributed Energy Management: PV, Batteries, Loads and Value Stacking in Virtual

Andrew Mears, James Martin

Journal Article

Model testing of tripod caisson foundations in silty clay subjected to eccentric lateral loads

Journal Article

Demand Flexibility of Residential Buildings: Definitions, Flexible Loads, and Quantification Methods

Zhengyi Luo, Jinqing Peng, Jingyu Cao, Rongxin Yin, Bin Zou, Yutong Tan, Jinyue Yan

Journal Article

the confine-stiffening effect and fractal cracking of square concrete filled steel tubes in tension loads

Journal Article

Mean wind load induced incompatibility in nonlinear aeroelastic simulations of bridge spans

Zhitian ZHANG

Journal Article

The study of forced vibration for threetower suspension bridge under moving loads

Feng Zhaoxiang,Chen Liang and Miu Changqing

Journal Article