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Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease

Frontiers of Medicine 2021, Volume 15, Issue 6, Pages 842-866 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0865-2

Abstract: Among various genera of free-living amoebae prevalent in nature, some members are identified as causative agents of human encephalitis, in which Naegleria fowleri followed by Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris have been successively discovered. As the three dominant genera responsible for infections, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia work as opportunistic pathogens of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, whereas Naegleria induces primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mostly in healthy children and young adults as a more violent and deadly disease. Due to the lack of typical symptoms and laboratory findings, all these amoebic encephalitic diseases are difficult to diagnose. Considering that subsequent therapies are also affected, all these brain infections cause significant mortality worldwide, with more than 90% of the cases being fatal. Along with global warming and population explosion, expanding areas of human and amoebae activity in some regions lead to increased contact, resulting in more serious infections and drawing increased public attention. In this review, we summarize the present information of these pathogenic free-living amoebae, including their phylogeny, classification, biology, and ecology. The mechanisms of pathogenesis, immunology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapies are also discussed.

Keywords： free-living amoebae central nervous system infection primary amoebic meningoencephalitis granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

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Co-infection of HIV and parasites in China: Results from an epidemiological survey in rural areas of Fuyang city, Anhui province, China

Li-Guang TIAN MPH, Jia-Xu CHEN PhD, Yu-Chun CAI BM, Jian GUO MPH, Xiao-Mei TONG, Qin LIU DVM, Xiao-Nong ZHOU PhD, Tian-Ping WANG PhD, Xiao-Mei YIN, Wei-Duo WU, Li ZHOU, Feng-Feng WANG, Zhen-Li WANG MSc, Guo-Jin CHENG, Peter STEINMANN PhD, Lan-Hua LI MSc,

Frontiers of Medicine 2010, Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 192-198 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0039-0

Abstract: co-infection rate of HIV and intestinal helminthes 2.17%, the co-infection rate of HIV and intestinal protozoaIt was concluded that the infection rate of intestinal protozoa in the residents was higher than that

Keywords： virus (HIV) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) co-infection intestinal parasites helminthes protozoa