[1]	Bernhard JC, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Should we use cells, biomaterials, or tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration? Stem Cell Res Ther 2016;7(1):56.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[2]	Reinholz GG, Lu L, Saris DBF, Yaszemski MJO, O’Driscoll SW. Animal models for cartilage reconstruction. Biomaterials 2004;25(9):1511–21.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[3]	Steadman JR, Rodkey WG, Rodrigo JJ. Microfracture: surgical technique and rehabilitation to treat chondral defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;391(391 Suppl):S362–9.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[4]	Hangody L, Füles P. Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of full-thickness defects of weight-bearing joints: ten years of experimental and clinical experience. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85(Suppl 2):25–32.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[5]	Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. N Engl J Med 1994;331(14):889–95.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[6]	Spiller KL, Maher SA, Lowman AM. Hydrogels for the repair of articular cartilage defects. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2011;17(4):281–99.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[7]	Moran CJ, Pascual-Garrido C, Chubinskaya S, Potter HG, Warren RF, Cole BJ, et alRestoration of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014;96(4):336–44.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[8]	Huey DJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Unlike bone, cartilage regeneration remains elusive. Science 2012;338(6109):917–21.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[9]	Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science 1993;260(5110):920–6.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[10]	Chaganti RK, Lane NE. Risk factors for incident osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2011;4(3):99–104. CrossRef Google scholar

[11]	Hunziker EB, Lippuner K, Keel MJ, Shintani N. An educational review of cartilage repair: precepts & practices—myths & misconceptions—progress & prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015;23(3):334–50.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[12]	Liu Y, Chen F, Liu W, Cui L, Shang Q, Xia W, et alRepairing large porcine full-thickness defects of articular cartilage using autologous chondrocyte-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng 2002;8(4):709–21.. PMID:12202009 CrossRef Google scholar

[13]	Danišovič Ľ, Boháč M, Zamborský R, Oravcová L, Provazníková Z, Csöbönyeiová M, et alComparative analysis of mesenchymal stromal cells from different tissue sources in respect to articular cartilage tissue engineering. Gen Physiol Biophys 2016;35(2):207–14.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[14]

Caminal M, Peris D, Fonseca C, Barrachina J, Codina D, Rabanal RM, et alCartilage resurfacing potential of PLGA scaffolds loaded with autologous cells from cartilage, fat, and bone marrow in an ovine model of osteochondral focal defect. Cytotechnology 2016;68(4):907–19.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[15]	Lietman SA. Induced pluripotent stem cells in cartilage repair. World J Orthop 2016;7(3):149–55.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[16]	Zhao G, Yin S, Liu G, Cen L, Sun J, Zhou H, et alIn vitro engineering of fibrocartilage using CDMP1 induced dermal fibroblasts and polyglycolide. Biomaterials 2009;30(19):3241–50.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[17]	El Sayed K, Haisch A, John T, Marzahn U, Lohan A, Müller RD, et alHeterotopic autologous chondrocyte transplantation—a realistic approach to support articular cartilage repair? Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2010;16(6):603–16.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[18]	Lohan A, Marzahn U, El Sayed K, Haisch A, Müller RD, Kohl B, et alOsteochondral articular defect repair using auricle-derived autologous chondrocytes in a rabbit model. Ann Anat 2014;196(5):317–26.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[19]	Van Osch GJ, Mandl EW, Jahr H, Koevoet W, Nolst-Trenité G, Verhaar JA. Considerations on the use of ear chondrocytes as donor chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering. Biorheology 2004;41(3–4):411–21. Pubmed

[20]	El Sayed K, Marzahn U, John T, Hoyer M, Zreiqat H, Witthuhn A, et alPGA-associated heterotopic chondrocyte cocultures: implications of nasoseptal and auricular chondrocytes in articular cartilage repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013;7(1):61–72.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[21]	Dehne T, Karlsson C, Ringe J, Sittinger M, Lindahl A. Chondrogenic differentiation potential of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and their possible use in matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(5):R133.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[22]	Schrobback K, Klein TJ, Crawford R, Upton Z, Malda J, Leavesley DI. Effects of oxygen and culture system on in vitro propagation and redifferentiation of osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2012;347(3):649–63.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[23]	Oda T, Sakai T, Hiraiwa H, Hamada T, Ono Y, Nakashima M, et alOsteoarthritis-derived chondrocytes are a potential source of multipotent progenitor cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016;479(3):469–75.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[24]	Frondoza C, Sohrabi A, Hungerford D. Human chondrocytes proliferate and produce matrix components in microcarrier suspension culture. Biomaterials 1996;17(9):879–88.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[25]	Çetinkaya G, Kahraman AS, Gümüşderelioğlu M, Arat S, Onur MA. Derivation, characterization and expansion of fetal chondrocytes on different microcarriers. Cytotechnology 2011;63(6):633–43.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[26]	Grogan SP, Barbero A, Diaz-Romero J, Cleton-Jansen AM, Soeder S, Whiteside R, et alIdentification of markers to characterize and sort human articular chondrocytes with enhanced in vitro chondrogenic capacity. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(2):586–95.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[27]	Appel B, Baumer J, Eyrich D, Sarhan H, Toso S, Englert C, et al. Synergistic effects of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and insulin on expanded chondrocytes in a 3-D environment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17(11):1503–12. CrossRef Google scholar

[28]	Egli RJ, Bastian JD, Ganz R, Hofstetter W, Leunig Met alHypoxic expansion promotes the chondrogenic potential of articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2008;26(7):977–85.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[29]	Huang BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Effects of passage number and post-expansion aggregate culture on tissue engineered, self-assembled neocartilage. Acta Biomater 2016;43:150–9.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[30]	Zhou G, Liu W, Cui L, Wang X, Liu T, Cao Y. Repair of porcine articular osteochondral defects in non-weightbearing areas with autologous bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng 2006;12(11):3209–21.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[31]	Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, et alMultilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999;284(5411):143–7.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[32]	Yoshimura H, Muneta T, Nimura A, Yokoyama A, Koga H, Sekiya I. Comparison of rat mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, synovium, periosteum, adipose tissue, and muscle. Cell Tissue Res 2007;327(3):449–62.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[33]	Uccelli A, Pistoia V, Moretta L. Mesenchymal stem cells: a new strategy for immunosuppression? Trends Immunol 2007;28(5):219–26.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[34]

Du W, Reppel L, Leger L, Schenowitz C, Huselstein C, Bensoussan D, et alMesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow and adipose tissue maintain their immunosuppressive properties after chondrogenic differentiation: role of HLA-G. Stem Cells Dev 2016;25(19):1454–69.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[35]

Bomer N, den Hollander W, Suchiman H, Houtman E, Slieker RC, Heijmans BT, et alNeo-cartilage engineered from primary chondrocytes is epigenetically similar to autologous cartilage, in contrast to using mesenchymal stem cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016;24(8):1423–30.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[36]	Cushing MC, Anseth KS. Hydrogel cell cultures. Science 2007;316(5828):1133–4.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[37]	Benya PD, Shaffer JD. Dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose gels. Cell 1982;30(1):215–24.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[38]	Kesti M, Müller M, Becher J, Schnabelrauch M, D’Este M, Eglin D, et alA versatile bioink for three-dimensional printing of cellular scaffolds based on thermally and photo-triggered tandem gelation. Acta Biomater 2015;11:162–72.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[39]	Markstedt K, Mantas A, Tournier I, Martínez Ávila H, Hägg D, Gatenholm P. 3D bioprinting human chondrocytes with nanocellulose-alginate bioink for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Biomacromolecules 2015;16(5):1489–96.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[40]	Abbadessa A, Blokzijl MM, Mouser VH, Marica P, Malda J, Hennink WE, et alA thermo-responsive and photo-polymerizable chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogel for 3D printing applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016;149:163–74.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[41]	Lee H, Park TG. Photo-crosslinkable, biomimetic, and thermo-sensitive Pluronic grafted hyaluronic acid copolymers for injectable delivery of chondrocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009;88A(3):797–806.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[42]	Fedorovich NE, Oudshoorn MH, van Geemen D, Hennink WE, Alblas J, Dhert WJ. The effect of photopolymerization on stem cells embedded in hydrogels. Biomaterials 2009;30(3):344–53.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[43]	Mellati A, Fan CM, Tamayol A, Annabi N, Dai S, Bi J, et alMicroengineered 3D cell-laden thermoresponsive hydrogels for mimicking cell morphology and orientation in cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017;114(1):217–31. CrossRef Google scholar

[44]	Liu H, Liu J, Qi C, Fang Y, Zhang L, Zhuo R, et alThermosensitive injectable in-situ forming carboxymethyl chitin hydrogel for three-dimensional cell culture. Acta Biomater 2016;35:228–37.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[45]	Kopesky PW, Vanderploeg EJ, Sandy JS, Kurz B, Grodzinsky AJ. Self-assembling peptide hydrogels modulate in vitro chondrogenesis of bovine bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010;16(2):465–77.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[46]	Mendes AC, Baran ET, Reis RL, Azevedo HS. Self-assembly in nature: using the principles of nature to create complex nanobiomaterials. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013;5(6):582–612.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[47]	Florine EM, Miller RE, Liebesny PH, Mroszczyk KA, Lee RT, Patwari P, et alDelivering heparin-binding insulin-like growth factor 1 with self-assembling peptide hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2015;21(3–4):637–46.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[48]	Roach BL, Kelmendi-Doko A, Balutis EC, Marra KG, Ateshian GA, Hung CT. Dexamethasone release from within engineered cartilage as a chondroprotective strategy against interleukin-1α. Tissue Eng Part A 2016;22(7–8):621–32.. PMID:26956216 CrossRef Google scholar

[49]	Florine EM, Miller RE, Porter RM, Evans CH, Kurz B, Grodzinsky AJ. Effects of dexamethasone on mesenchymal stromal cell chondrogenesis and aggrecanase activity: comparison of agarose and self-assembling peptide scaffolds. Cartilage 2013;4(1):63–74.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[50]	Chu J, Zeng S, Gao L, Groth T, Li Z, Kong J, et alPoly(L-lactic acid) porous scaffold-supported alginate hydrogel with improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Int J Artif Organs 2016;39(8):435–43.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[51]	Annabi N, Tamayol A, Uquillas JA, Akbari M, Bertassoni LE, Cha C, et al25th anniversary article: rational design and applications of hydrogels in regenerative medicine. Adv Mater 2014;26(1):85–124.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[52]	Liu W, Cao Y. Application of scaffold materials in tissue reconstruction in immunocompetent mammals: our experience and future requirements. Biomaterials 2007;28(34):5078–86.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[53]	Kon E, Filardo G, Perdisa F, Venieri G, Marcacci M. Clinical results of multilayered biomaterials for osteochondral regeneration. J Exp Orthop 2014;1:10.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[54]	Huang H, Zhang X, Hu X, Shao Z, Zhu J, Dai L, et alA functional biphasic biomaterial homing mesenchymal stem cells for in vivo cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials 2014;35(36):9608–19.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[55]	Ding C, Qiao Z, Jiang W, Li H, Wei J, Zhou G, et alRegeneration of a goat femoral head using a tissue-specific, biphasic scaffold fabricated with CAD/CAM technology. Biomaterials 2013;34(28):6706–16.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[56]	Ahern BJ, Parvizi J, Boston R, Schaer TP. Preclinical animal models in single site cartilage defect testing: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17(6):705–13.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[57]	Malfait AM, Little CB. On the predictive utility of animal models of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015;17:225.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[58]	Mollon B, Kandel R, Chahal J, Theodoropoulos J. The clinical status of cartilage tissue regeneration in humans. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013;21(12):1824–33.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[59]	Huang BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Cell-based tissue engineering strategies used in the clinical repair of articular cartilage. Biomaterials 2016;98:1–22.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[60]	Santoro R, Olivares AL, Brans G, Wirz D, Longinotti C, Lacroix D, et alBioreactor based engineering of large-scale human cartilage grafts for joint resurfacing. Biomaterials 2010;31(34):8946–52.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[61]	Dickhut A, Gottwald E, Steck E, Heisel C, Richter W. Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in gel-like biomaterials in vitro and in vivo. Front Biosci 2008;13:4517–28.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[62]	De Bari C, Dell’Accio F, Luyten FP. Failure of in vitro-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells from the synovial membrane to form ectopic stable cartilage in vivo. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(1):142–50.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[63]	Liu K, Zhou G, Liu W, Zhang W, Cui L, Liu X, et alThe dependence of in vivo stable ectopic chondrogenesis by human mesenchymal stem cells on chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. Biomaterials 2008;29(14):2183–92.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[64]	Kamil SH, Vacanti MP, Vacanti CA, Eavey RD. Microtia chondrocytes as a donor source for tissue-engineered cartilage. Laryngoscope 2004;114(12):2187–90.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[65]

Melgarejo-Ramírez Y, Sánchez-Sánchez R, García-López J, Brena-Molina AM, Gutiérrez-Gómez C, Ibarra C, et alCharacterization of pediatric microtia cartilage: a reservoir of chondrocytes for auricular reconstruction using tissue engineering strategies. Cell Tissue Bank 2016;17(3):481–9.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[66]	Zhang L, He A, Yin Z, Yu Z, Luo X, Liu W, et alRegeneration of human-ear-shaped cartilage by co-culturing human microtia chondrocytes with BMSCs. Biomaterials 2014;35(18):4878–87.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[67]	Tay AG, Farhadi J, Suetterlin R, Pierer G, Heberer M, Martin I. Cell yield, proliferation, and postexpansion differentiation capacity of human ear, nasal, and rib chondrocytes. Tissue Eng 2004;10(5–6):762–70.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[68]	Dickhut A, Pelttari K, Janicki P, Wagner W, Eckstein V, Egermann M, et alCalcification or dedifferentiation: requirement to lock mesenchymal stem cells in a desired differentiation stage. J Cell Physiol 2009;219(1):219–26.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[69]	Ko CY, Ku KL, Yang SR, Lin TY, Peng S, Peng YS, et alIn vitro and in vivo co-culture of chondrocytes and bone marrow stem cells in photocrosslinked PCL-PEG-PCL hydrogels enhances cartilage formation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016;10(10):E485–96.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[70]	Liu X, Sun H, Yan D, Zhang L, Lv X, Liu T, et alIn vivo ectopic chondrogenesis of BMSCs directed by mature chondrocytes. Biomaterials 2010;31(36):9406–14.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[71]	Kang N, Liu X, Yan L, Wang Q, Cao Y, Xiao R. Different ratios of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes used in tissue-engineered cartilage and its application for human ear-shaped substitutes in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2013;198(5):357–66.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[72]	Wu L, Leijten JC, Georgi N, Post JN, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Trophic effects of mesenchymal stem cells increase chondrocyte proliferation and matrix formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2011;17(9–10):1425–36.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[73]	Wu L, Prins HJ, Helder MN, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Trophic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in chondrocyte co-cultures are independent of culture conditions and cell sources. Tissue Eng Part A 2012;18(15–16):1542–51.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[74]	de Windt TS, Saris DB, Slaper-Cortenbach IC, van Rijen MH, Gawlitta D, Creemers LB, et alDirect cell-cell contact with chondrocytes is a key mechanism in multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell-mediated chondrogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2015;21(19–20):2536–47.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[75]	Yanaga H, Imai K, Fujimoto T, Yanaga K. Generating ears from cultured autologous auricular chondrocytes by using two-stage implantation in treatment of microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124(3):817–25.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[76]	Yanaga H, Imai K, Tanaka Y, Yanaga K. Two-stage transplantation of cell-engineered autologous auricular chondrocytes to regenerate chondrofat composite tissue: clinical application in regenerative surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;132(6):1467–77.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[77]	Weidenbecher M, Tucker HM, Awadallah A, Dennis JE. Fabrication of a neotrachea using engineered cartilage. Laryngoscope 2008;118(4):593–8.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[78]	Weidenbecher M, Tucker HM, Gilpin DA, Dennis JE. Tissue-engineered trachea for airway reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2009;119(11):2118–23.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[79]	Bichara DA, Pomerantseva I, Zhao X, Zhou L, Kulig KM, Tseng A, et alSuccessful creation of tissue-engineered autologous auricular cartilage in an immunocompetent large animal model. Tissue Eng Part A 2014;20(1–2):303–12.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[80]	Pomerantseva I, Bichara DA, Tseng A, Cronce MJ, Cervantes TM, Kimura AM, et alEar-shaped stable auricular cartilage engineered from extensively expanded chondrocytes in an immunocompetent experimental animal model. Tissue Eng Part A 2016;22(3–4):197–207.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[81]	Schwarz S, Koerber L, Elsaesser AF, Goldberg-Bockhorn E, Seitz AM, Dürselen L, et alDecellularized cartilage matrix as a novel biomatrix for cartilage tissue-engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part A 2012;18(21–22):2195–209.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[82]	Luo X, Zhou G, Liu W, Zhang WJ, Cen L, Cui L, et alIn vitro precultivation alleviates post-implantation inflammation and enhances development of tissue-engineered tubular cartilage. Biomed Mater 2009;4(2):025006.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[83]	Liu Y, Li D, Yin Z, Luo X, Liu W, Zhang W, et alProlonged in vitro precultivation alleviates post-implantation inflammation and promotes stable subcutaneous cartilage formation in a goat model. Biomed Mater 2016;12(1):015006.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[84]	Zhou L, Pomerantseva I, Bassett EK, Bowley CM, Zhao X, Bichara DA, et alEngineering ear constructs with a composite scaffold to maintain dimensions. Tissue Eng Part A 2011;17(11–12):1573–81.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[85]	Centola M, Abbruzzese F, Scotti C, Barbero A, Vadalà G, Denaro V, et al. Scaffold-based delivery of a clinically relevant anti-angiogenic drug promotes the formation of in vivo stable cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2013;19(17–18):1960–71. CrossRef Google scholar

[86]	Kang HW, Lee SJ, Ko IK, Kengla C, Yoo JJ, Atala A. A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity. Nat Biotechnol 2016;34(3):312–9.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[87]	Luo X, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Tao R, Liu Y, He A, et alLong-term functional reconstruction of segmental tracheal defect by pedicled tissue-engineered trachea in rabbits. Biomaterials 2013;34(13):3336–44.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[88]	Haisch A. Ear reconstruction through tissue engineering. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2010;68:108–19.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[89]	Cao Y, Vacanti JP, Paige KT, Upton J, Vacanti CA. Transplantation of chondrocytes utilizing a polymer-cell construct to produce tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human ear. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;100(2):297–302; discussion 303–4.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[90]	Macchiarini P, Jungebluth P, Go T, Asnaghi MA, Rees LE, Cogan TA, et alClinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway. Lancet 2008;372(9655):2023–30.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[91]	Gonfiotti A, Jaus MO, Barale D, Baiguera S, Comin C, Lavorini F, et alThe first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results. Lancet 2014;383(9913):238–44.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[92]

Jungebluth P, Alici E, Baiguera S, Blomberg P, Bozóky B, Crowley C, et alTracheobronchial transplantation with a stem-cell-seeded bioartificial nanocomposite: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet 2011;378(9808):1997–2004. Erratum in: Lancet 2016;387(10022):944; Lancet 2016;387(10025):1276.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[93]	Elliott MJ, De Coppi P, Speggiorin S, Roebuck D, Butler CR, Samuel E, et alStem-cell-based, tissue engineered tracheal replacement in a child: a 2-year follow-up study. Lancet 2012;380(9846):994–1000.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar

[94]	Fulco I, Miot S, Haug MD, Barbero A, Wixmerten A, Feliciano S, et alEngineered autologous cartilage tissue for nasal reconstruction after tumour resection: an observational first-in-human trial. Lancet 2014;384(9940):337–46.. CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar