
Development of Fuel/Engine Systems—The Way Forward to Sustainable Transport
Gautam Kalghatgi
Engineering ›› 2019, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (3) : 510-518.
Development of Fuel/Engine Systems—The Way Forward to Sustainable Transport
The global demand for transport energy is large, growing, and primarily met by petroleum-derived liquid fuels powering internal combustion engines (ICEs). Moreover, the demand for jet fuel and diesel is projected to grow faster than the demand for gasoline in the future, and is likely to result in low-octane gasoline components becoming more readily available. Significant initiatives with varying motivations are taking place to develop the battery electric vehicle (BEV) and the fuel cell as alternatives to ICE vehicles, and to establish fuels such as biofuels and natural gas as alternatives to conventional liquid fuels. However, each of these alternatives starts from a very low base and faces significant barriers to fast and unrestrained growth; thus, transport—and particularly commercial transport—will continue to be largely powered by ICEs running on petroleum-based liquid fuels for decades to come. Hence, the sustainability of transport in terms of affordability, energy security, and impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air quality can only be ensured by improving ICEs. Indeed, ICEs will continue to improve while using current market fuels, through improvements in combustion, control, and after-treatment systems, assisted by partial electrification in the form of hybridization. However, there is even more scope for improvement through the development of fuel/engine systems that can additionally leverage benefits in fuels manufacture and use components that may be readily available. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI), which uses low-octane gasoline in a compression ignition engine, is one such example. GCI would enable diesel-like efficiencies while making it easier to control nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulates at a lower cost compared with modern diesel engines. Octane on demand (OOD) also helps to ensure optimum use of available fuel anti-knock quality, and thus improves the overall efficiency of the system.
Transport energy / Internal combustion engines / Gasoline / Diesel
[1] |
The number of cars worldwide is set to double by 2040 [Internet]. San Francisco: World Economic Forum; c2019 [updated 2016 Apr 22; cited 2018 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/the-number-of-cars-worldwide-is-set-to-double-by-2040.
|
[2] |
Exxon Mobil Corporation. 2017 outlook for energy: a view to 2040. Report.
|
[3] |
World Energy Council. Global transport scenarios 2050. Report.
|
[4] |
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. 2013 world oil outlook. Report.
|
[5] |
Sims R., Schaeffer R., Creutzig F., Cruz-Núñez X., D’Agosto M., Dimitriu D.. Transport. In:
|
[6] |
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Key facts and findings [Internet]. Rome: FOA; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 3]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/.
|
[7] |
US Energy Information Administration (EIA). International energy outlook 2016. Report.
|
[8] |
Kalghatgi G.. Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?. Appl Energy. 2018; 225: 965-974.
|
[9] |
BP p.l.c. Statistical review of world energy [Internet]. London: BP p.l.c.; c1996–2019 [cited 2018 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html.
|
[10] |
Kalghatgi G., Gosling C., Weir M.J.. The outlook for transport fuels: part 1. Petrol Technol Quart. 2016; Q1: 23-31.
|
[11] |
Kalghatgi G., Gosling C., Weir M.J.. The outlook for transport fuels: part 2. Petrol Technol Quart. 2016; Q2: 17-23.
|
[12] |
Kalghatgi G.. The outlook for fuels for internal combustion engines. Int J Engine Res. 2014; 15(4): 383-398.
|
[13] |
Kalghatgi G.. Petroleum-based fuels for transport. J Auto Safe Energy. 2015; 6(1): 1-16.
|
[14] |
Kalghatgi G.. Developments in engine combustion systems and implications for combustion science and future transport fuels. Proc Combust Inst. 2015; 35: 101-115.
|
[15] |
Kalghatgi G.. Fuel/engine interactions.
|
[16] |
Richards P.. Automotive fuels reference book. 3rd ed.
|
[17] |
Stone R.. Introduction to internal combustion engines. 4th ed.
|
[18] |
Heywood J.B.. Internal combustion engine fundamentals.
|
[19] |
Kalghatgi G. Auto-ignition quality of practical fuels and implications for fuel requirements of future SI and HCCI engines. SAE Technical Paper 2005:2005-01-0239.
|
[20] |
Kalghatgi G.. Knock onset, knock intensity, superknock and preignition in SI engines. Int J Engine Res. 2018; 19(1): 7-20.
|
[21] |
Miles P. Potential of advanced combustion for fuel economy reduction in the light-duty fleet. In: Proceedings of the SAE High-Efficiency IC Engine Symposium; 2018 April 8–9; Detroit, MI, USA; 2018.
|
[22] |
US Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle efficiency and Energy sustainability (DRIVE). Advanced combustion and emission control roadmap. Report. US DRIVE; 2018.
|
[23] |
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Cost, effectiveness, and deployment of fuel economy technologies for light-duty vehicles [Internet]. Washington, DC: NRC; c2019 [cited 2018 Jun 17]. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/read/21744/chapter/2#3.
|
[24] |
Sellnau M, Hoyer K, Moore W, Foster M, Sinnamon J, Klemm W. Advancement of GDCI engine technology for US 2025 CAFE and tier 3 emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2018:2018-01-0901.
|
[25] |
MAZDA. Skyaktiv technology [Internet]. Hiroshima: MAZDA; c2018 [cited 2018 Apr 8]. Available from: http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/skyactiv/skyactiv-g/.
|
[26] |
Johnson T., Joshi A.. Review of vehicle engine efficiency and emissions. SAE Int J Engines. 2018; 11(6): 1307-1330.
|
[27] |
Association for Emission Control by catalysts (AECC). Gasoline particulate filter (GPF)—how can the GPF cut emissions of ultrafine particles from gasoline engines? Report.
|
[28] |
Kufferath A, Krüger M, Naber D, Mailänder E, Maier R. The path to a negligible NO2 emission contribution from the diesel powertrain. Detroit: Crain Communications, Inc.; [cited 2018 May 22]. Available from: http://www.autonews.com/assets/pdf/bosch-nox-report.pdf.
|
[29] |
Chow E, Heywood J, Speth R. Benefits of a higher octane standard gasoline for the US light-duty vehicle fleet. SAE Technical Paper 2014:2014-01-1961.
|
[30] |
Mittal V., Heywood J.B.. The shift in relevance of fuel RON and MON to knock onset in modern SI engines over the last 70 years. SAE Int J Engines. 2010; 2(2): 1-10.
|
[31] |
Kalghatgi G., Head R., Chang J., Viollet Y., Babiker H., Amer A.. An alternative method based on toluene/n-heptane surrogate fuels for rating the anti-knock quality of practical gasolines. SAE Int J Fuel Lubr. 2014; 7(3): 663-672.
|
[32] |
Fuel additives: uses and benefits [Internet]. Technical Committee of Petroleum Additive Manufacturers (ATC); [cited 2018 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.atc-europe.org/public/Doc113%202013-10-01.pdf.
|
[33] |
Kalghatgi G., Johansson B.. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) approach to efficient, clean, affordable future engines. Proc Inst Mech Eng. 2018; 232(1): 118-138.
|
[34] |
Dec J.E.. Advanced compression ignition engines—understanding the in-cylinder processes. Proc Combust Inst. 2009; 32(2): 2727-2742.
|
[35] |
Kamimoto T, Bae M. High combustion temperature for the reduction of particulate in diesel engines. SAE Technical Paper 1988:880423.
|
[36] |
Kalghatgi G., Hildingsson L., Harrison A.J.L., Johansson B.. Surrogate fuels for premixed combustion in compression ignition engines. Int J Engine Res. 2011; 12(5): 452-465.
|
[37] |
Kalghatgi G, Risberg P, Ångström HE. Advantages of a fuel with high resistance to auto-ignition in late-injection, low-temperature, compression ignition combustion. SAE Technical Paper 2006:2006-01-3385.
|
[38] |
Kalghatgi G, Risberg, P, Ångström HE. Partially pre-mixed auto-ignition of gasoline to attain low smoke and low NOx at high load in a compression ignition engine and comparison with a diesel fuel. SAE Technical Paper 2007:2007-01-0006.
|
[39] |
Manente V., Johansson B., Canella W.. Gasoline partially premixed combustion, the future of internal combustion engines?. Int J Engine Res. 2011; 12(3): 194-208.
|
[40] |
Hanson R, Splitter D, Reitz R. Operating a heavy-duty direct-injection compression-ignition engine with gasoline for low emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2009:2009-01-1442.
|
[41] |
Cracknell RJ, Rickeard DJ, Ariztegui J, Rose KD, Meuther M, Lamping M, et al. Advanced combustion for low emissions and high efficiency: part 2—impact of fuel properties on HCCI combustion. SAE Technical Paper 2008:2008-01-2404.
|
[42] |
Wang B., Wang Z., Shuai S., Xu H.. Combustion and emission characteristics of multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI) mode fuelled with different low octane gasolines. Appl Energy. 2015; 160: 769-776.
|
[43] |
Weall AJ, Collings N. Investigation into partially premixed combustion in a light duty multi cylinder diesel engine fueled with a mixture of gasoline and diesel. SAE Technical Paper 2007:2007-01-4058.
|
[44] |
Zhang F., Zeraati Rezaei S., Xu H., Shuai S.. Experimental investigation of different blends of diesel and gasoline (dieseline) in a CI engine. SAE Int J Engines. 2014; 7(4): 1920-1930.
|
[45] |
Chang J, Viollet Y, Amer A, Kalghatgi G. Fuel economy potential of partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) combustion with naphtha fuel. SAE Technical Paper 2013:2013-01-2701.
|
[46] |
Sellnau M., Foster M., Hoyer K., Moore W., Sinnamon J., Husted H.. Development of a gasoline direct-injection compression ignition (GDCI) engine. SAE Int J Engines. 2014; 7(2): 835-851.
|
[47] |
Chang J., Kalghatgi G., Amer A., Adomeit P., Rohs H., Heuser B.. Vehicle demonstration of naphtha fuel achieving both high efficiency and drivability with EURO6 engine-out NOx emission. SAE Int J Engines. 2013; 6(1): 101-119.
|
[48] |
Kalghatgi G., Gurubaran K., Davenport A., Harrison A.J., Taylor A.K.M.F., Hardalupas Y.. Some advantages and challenges of running a EuroIV, V6 diesel engine on a gasoline fuel. Fuel. 2013; 108: 197-207.
|
[49] |
Lu Z., Han J., Wang M., Cai H., Sun P., Dieffenthaler D.,
|
[50] |
Hao H., Liu F., Liu Z., Zhao F.. Compression ignition of low-octane gasoline: life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Appl Energy. 2016; 181: 391-398.
|
[51] |
Hildingsson L, Kalghatgi G, Tait N, Johansson B, Harrison A. Fuel octane effects in the partially premixed combustion regime in compression ignition engines. SAE Technical Paper 2009:2009-01-2648.
|
[52] |
Kalghatgi G., Hildingsson L., Johansson B., Harrison A.J.. Low-NOx, low-smoke operation of a diesel engine using “premixed enough” compression ignition—effects of fuel autoignition quality, volatility and aromatic content. In: Proceedings of the THIESEL 2010, Thermo and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Diesel Engines; 2010 Sep 14–17, Valencia, Spain. 2010.
|
[53] |
Won H.W., Pitsch H., Tait N., Kalghatgi G.. Some effects of gasoline and diesel mixtures on partially premixed combustion and comparison with practical fuels, gasoline and diesel, in a diesel engine. Proc Inst Mech Eng. 2012; 226(9): 1259-1270.
|
[54] |
Kolodziej C, Ciatti SA, Kodavasal J, Som S, Shidore N, Delhom J. Achieving stable engine operation of gasoline compression ignition using 87 AKI gasoline down to idle. SAE Technical Paper 2015:2015-01-0832.
|
[55] |
Viollet Y., Chang J., Kalghatgi G.. Compression ratio and derived cetane number effects on gasoline compression ignition engine running with naphtha fuels. SAE Int J Fuel Lubr. 2014; 7(2): 412-426.
|
[56] |
Zhang Y, Kumar P, Traver M, Cleary M, An experimental and computational investigation of gasoline compression ignition using conventional and higher reactivity gasolines in a multi-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper 2018:2018-01-0226.
|
[57] |
Al-Abdullah M.H., Kalghatgi G., Babiker H.. Flash points and volatility characteristics of gasoline/diesel blends. Fuel. 2015; 153: 67-69.
|
[58] |
Algunaibet I., Voice A.K., Kalghatgi G., Babiker H.. Flammability and volatility attributes of binary mixtures of some practical multi-component fuels. Fuel. 2016; 172: 273-283.
|
[59] |
Xu H.. Present and future of premixed compression ignition engines. Auto Safe Energy. 2012; 3(3): 185-199.
|
[60] |
Redon F, Ciatti S. OPGCI: an evolution that revolutionizes the internal combustion engine [Internet]. San Diego: Achates Power, Inc.; c2018 [cited 2018 Jun 20]. Available from: http://achatespower.com/opgci-an-evolution-that-revolutionizes-the-internal-combustion-engine/.
|
[61] |
Splitter D, Hanson R, Kokjohn S, Reitz R. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) heavy-duty engine operation at mid-and high-loads with conventional and alternative fuels. SAE Technical Paper 2011:2011-01-0363.
|
[62] |
Kaddatz J, Andrie M, Reitz R, Kokjohn S. Light-duty reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion using a cetane improver. SAE Technical Paper 2012:2012-01-1110.
|
[63] |
Nieman D.E., Dempsey A.B., Reitz R.. Heavy-duty RCCI operation using natural gas and diesel. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress Experience 2012; 2012 Apr 24–26; Detroit, MI, USA. 2012.
|
[64] |
Splitter D., Reitz R., Hanson R.. High efficiency, low emissions RCCI combustion by use of a fuel additive. SAE Int J Fuel Lubr. 2010; 3(2): 742-756.
|
[65] |
Kokjohn S.L., Hanson R.M., Splitter D.A., Reitz R.D.. Fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI): a pathway to controlled high-efficiency clean combustion. Int J Engine Res. 2011; 12(3): 209-226.
|
[66] |
Partridge R.D., Weissman W., Ueda T., Iwashita Y., Johnson P., Kellogg G.. Onboard gasoline separation for improved vehicle efficiency. SAE Int J Fuel Lubr. 2014; 7(2): 366-378.
|
[67] |
Kuzuoka K., Kurotani T., Chishima H., Kudo H.. Study of high compression ratio engine combined with an ethanol gasoline fuel separation system. SAE Int J Engines. 2014; 7(4): 1773-1780.
|
[68] |
Chang J, Viollet Y, Alzubail A, Abdul-Manan A, Arfaj A. Octane-on-demand as an enabler for highly efficient spark ignition engines and improvement of greenhouse gas emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2015:2015-01-1264.
|
[69] |
Morganti KJ, Alzubail A, Al-Abdullah M, Viollet Y, Head R, Chang J, et al. Improving the efficiency of conventional spark-ignition engines using octane-on-demand combustion. Part I: engine studies. SAE Technical Paper 2016:2016-01-0679.
|
[70] |
Morganti KJ, Alzubail A, Al-Abdullah M, Viollet Y, Head R, Chang J, et al. Improving the efficiency of conventional spark-ignition engines using octane-on-demand combustion. Part II: vehicle studies and life cycle analysis. SAE Technical Paper 2016:2016-01-0683.
|
[71] |
Morganti K., Al-Abdullah M., Alzubail A., Kalghatgi G., Viollet Y., Head R.,
|
[72] |
E-fuels too inefficient and expensive for cars and trucks, but may be part of aviation’s climate solution—study [Internet]. Brussels: Transport & Environment; [cited 2018 Apr 8]. Available from: https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/e-fuels-too-inefficient-and-expensive-cars-and-trucks-may-be-part-aviations-climate-solution-%E2%80%93.
|
[73] |
Malins C. What role is there for electrofuel technologies in European transport’s low carbon future? Report. Brussels: Transport & Environment; 2017 Nov.
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |