PDF(4096 KB)
Theoretical Progress and Key Technologies of Onshore Ultra-Deep Oil/Gas Exploration
Xusheng Guo, Dongfeng Hu, Yuping Li, Jinbao Duan, Xuefeng Zhang, Xiaojun Fan, Hua Duan, Wencheng Li
Engineering ›› 2019, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (3) : 458-470.
PDF(4096 KB)
PDF(4096 KB)
Theoretical Progress and Key Technologies of Onshore Ultra-Deep Oil/Gas Exploration
Oil/gas exploration around the world has extended into deep and ultra-deep strata because it is increasingly difficult to find new large-scale oil/gas reservoirs in shallow–middle buried strata. In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in oil/gas exploration in ultra-deep areas including carbonate and clastic reservoirs. Some (ultra) large-scale oil and gas fields have been discovered. The oil/gas accumulation mechanisms and key technologies of oil/gas reservoir exploration and development are summarized in this study in order to share China’s experiences. Ultra-deep oil/gas originates from numerous sources of hydrocarbons and multiphase charging. Liquid hydrocarbons can form in ultra-deep layers due to low geothermal gradients or overpressures, and the natural gas composition in ultra-deep areas is complicated by the reactions between deep hydrocarbons, water, and rock or by the addition of mantle- or crust-sourced gases. These oils/gases are mainly stored in the original high-energy reef/shoal complexes or in sand body sediments. They usually have high original porosity. Secondary pores are often developed by dissolution, dolomitization, and fracturing in the late stage. The early pores have been preserved by retentive diageneses such as the early charging of hydrocarbons. Oil/gas accumulation in ultra-deep areas generally has the characteristics of near-source accumulation and sustained preservation. The effective exploration and development of ultra-deep oil/gas reservoirs depend on the support of key technologies. Use of the latest technologies such as seismic signal acquisition and processing, low porosity and permeability zone prediction, and gas–water identification has enabled the discovery of ultra-deep oil/gas resources. In addition, advanced technologies for drilling, completion, and oil/gas testing have ensured the effective development of these fields.
Oil/gas exploration / Ultra-deep / Oil/gas sources / Reservoir / Petroleum accumulation / Exploration and exploitation technologies
| [1] |
Guo X.S., Guo T.L., Huang R.C., Duan J.B.. Cases of discovery and exploration of marine fields in China (part 16): Yuanba gas field in Sichuan Basin. Mar Origin Pet Geol. 2014; 19(4): 57-64. Chinese
|
| [2] |
He Z.L., Jin X.H., Wo Y.J., Li H.L., Bai Z.R., Jiao C.L.,
|
| [3] |
Wang Z.M.. Formation mechanism and enrichment regularities of Kelasu subsalt deep large gas field in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin. Nat Gas Geosci. 2014; 25(2): 153-166. Chinese, URL: http://www.nggs.ac.cn/EN/10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2014.02.153.
|
| [4] |
Tissot B.P., Welte D.H.. Petroleum formation and occurrence. 2nd ed.
|
| [5] |
Dahl B., Speers G.C.. Geochemical characterization of a tar mat in the Oseberg Field Norwegian Sector, North Sea. Org Geochem. 1986; 10(1–3): 547-558.
|
| [6] |
Behar F., Vandenbroucke M., Teermann S.C., Hatcher P.G., Leblond C., Lerat O.. Experimental simulation of gas generation from coals and a marine kerogen. Chem Geol. 1995; 126(3–4): 247-260.
|
| [7] |
Behar F., Vandenbroucke M., Tang Y., Marquis F., Espitalie J.. Thermal cracking of kerogen in open and closed systems: determination of kinetic parameters and stoichiometric coefficients for oil and gas generation. Org Geochem. 1997; 26(5–6): 321-339.
|
| [8] |
Qin J.Z., Fu X.D., Liu X.C.. Solid bitumens in the marine carbonate reservoir of gas field in the northeast area of the Sichuan Basin. Acta Geol Sin. 2007; 81(08): 1065-1071. 1161. Chinese
|
| [9] |
Li H.L., Shao Z.B., He Z.L.. Hydrocarbon generation characteristics and potential of bitumen in the Tarim Basin. Pet Geol Exp. 2009; 31(04): 373-378. Chinese
|
| [10] |
Burnham A.K.. A simple kinetic model of petroleum formation and cracking. Report. Report No.: UCID-21665
|
| [11] |
Guo X.S., Hu D.F., Huang R.C., Duan J.B., Ji C.H.. Developing mechanism for high quality reef reservoir (Changxing Formation) buried in ultra-depth in the big Yuanba gas field. Acta Petrol Sin. 2017; 33(4): 1107-1114. Chinese
|
| [12] |
Guo X.S., Hu D.F., Li Y.P., Duan J.B., Ji C.H., Duan H.. Discovery and theoretical and technical innovations of Yuanba gas field in Sichuan Basin, SW China. Pet Explor Dev. 2018; 45(1): 14-26.
|
| [13] |
Zhang J.Z., Wang Z.M., Yang H.J., Xu Z., Xiao Z., Li Z.. Origin and differential accumulation of hydrocarbons in Cambrian sub-salt dolomite reservoirs in Zhongshen Area, Tarim Basin, NW China. Pet Explor Dev. 2017; 44(1): 40-47. Chinese
|
| [14] |
Sun N.F., Guo F.X.. Natural gas identification under evaporite bed of Dabei–Kelasu tectonic belt. Compl Hydroc Reserv. 2014; 7(3): 20-23. Chinese
|
| [15] |
Orr W.L.. Changes in sulfur content and isotopic ratios of sulfur during petroleum maturation—study of Big Horn Basin Paleozoic oils. AAPG Bull. 1974; 58(11): 2295-2318.
|
| [16] |
Orr W.L.. Geologic and geochemical controls on the distribution of hydrogen sulfide in natural gas. Adv Org Geochem. 1977; 571-597.
|
| [17] |
Krouse H.R., Viau C.A., Eliuk L.S., Ueda A., Halas S.. Chemical and isotopic evidence of thermochemical sulphate reduction by light hydrocarbon gases in deep carbonate reservoirs. Nature. 1988; 333(6172): 415-419.
|
| [18] |
Worden R.H., Smalley P.C., Oxtoby N.H.. The effects of thermochemical sulfate reduction upon formation water salinity and oxygen isotopes in carbonate reservoirs. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1996; 60(20): 3925-3931.
|
| [19] |
Duan J.B., Li P.P., Chen D., Feng C.. Formation and evolution of the reef flat facies lithologic gas reservoir of Changxing Formation in Yuanba gas field, Sichuan Basin. Lith Res. 2013; 25(3): 43-47. 91. Chinese
|
| [20] |
Tao M.X., Xu Y.C., Han W.G., Gao B., Ma J.L., Wang W.C.. Active characteristics and accumulative effects of mantle-derived fluids in eastern china. Geotecton Metallog. 2001; 25(3): 265-270. Chinese
|
| [21] |
Tissot B.P., Welte D.H.. Petroleum formation and occurrence: a new approach to oil and gas exploration. p. 185-188.
|
| [22] |
Zhang G.Y., Ma F., Liang Y.B., Zhao Z., Qin Y.Q., Liu X.B.,
|
| [23] |
Jia C.Z., Pang X.Q.. Research processes and main development directions of deep hydrocarbon geological theories. Acta Petrolei Sinica. 2015; 36(12): 1457-1469. Chinese
|
| [24] |
Qi L.X.. Oil and gas breakthrough in ultra-deep Ordovician carbonate formations in Shuntuoguole Uplift, Tarim Basin. China Pet. Explor.. 2016; 21(03): 38-51. Chinese
|
| [25] |
Zhu G.Y., Yang H.J., Su J., He K., Han J.F., Gu L.J.,
|
| [26] |
Wang W.Y., Pang X.Q., Wu L.Y., Chen D.X., Huo Z.P., Pang Y.,
|
| [27] |
Lu S.F., Wang M., Wang Y.W., Xu L.H., Xue H.T., Li J.J.. Comparison of simulation results from the closed and open experimental systems and its significance. Acta Sedimentol Sin. 2006; 24(02): 282-288. Chinese
|
| [28] |
Ma Y.S.. Geochemical characteristics and origin of natural gases from Puguang gas field on eastern Sichuan Basin. Nat Gas Geosci. 2008; 19(1): 1-7. Chinese
|
| [29] |
Cao L.Y.. The hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism of Dabei–Kelasu structural zone in Kuqa Depression [dissertation]. Chinese
|
| [30] |
Mao Y.K., Zhong D.K., Neng Y., Zhang C.W., Liu Y.L., Wang A.,
|
| [31] |
Ehrenberg S.N., Nadeau P.H.. Sandstone vs. carbonate petroleum reservoirs: a global perspective on porosity-depth and porosity-permeability relationships. AAPG Bull. 2005; 89(4): 435-445.
|
| [32] |
Heydari E.. Porosity loss, fluid flow, and mass transfer in limestone reservoirs: application to the Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation, Mississippi. AAPG Bull. 2000; 84(1): 100-118.
|
| [33] |
Haile B.G., Klausen T.G., Czarniecka U., Xi K., Jahren J., Hellevang H.. How are diagenesis and reservoir quality linked to depositional facies? A deltaic succession, Edgeøya, Svalbard. Mar Pet Geol. 2018; 92: 519-546.
|
| [34] |
Choquette P.W., Pray L.C.. Geologic nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates. AAPG Bull. 1970; 54(2): 207-250.
|
| [35] |
Kang Y.Z.. Cases of discovery and exploration of marine fields in China (part 4): Tahe oilfield in Tarim Basin. Mar Orign Pet Geol. 2005; 10(4): 31-38. Chinese
|
| [36] |
Feng J.R., Gao Z.Y., Cui J.G., Zhou C.M.. The exploration status and research advances of deep and ultra-deep clastic reservoirs. Adv Earth Sci. 2016; 31(7): 718-736. Chinese
|
| [37] |
Chen Y., Wang C.J., Sun X.F., Wang M., Han Y., Yan S.Y.. Progress on mineral solubility and mechanism of dissolution secondary porosity forming in clastic reservoir. Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem. 2015; 34(4): 830-836. Chinese
|
| [38] |
Surdam R.C., Boese S.W., Crossey L.J.. Role of organic and inorganic reactions in development of secondary porosity in sandstones: abstract. AAPG Bull. 1982; 66(66): 635.
|
| [39] |
Druckman Y., Moore C.H.Jr.. Late subsurface porosity in a Jurassic grainstone reservoir, Smackover Formation, Mt., Vernon field, southern Arkansas. In:
|
| [40] |
Hill C.A.. H2S–related porosity and sulfuric acid oil-field karst. AAPG Mem. 1995; 37: 301-305.
|
| [41] |
Jin Z.J., Zhu D.Y., Hu W.X., Zhang X.F., Wang Y., Yan X.B.. Geological and geochemical signatures of hydrothermal activity and their influence on carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin. Acta Geol Sin. 2006; 80(2): 245-253. Chinese
|
| [42] |
Warren J.. Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important associations. Earth-Sci Rev. 2000; 52(1–3): 1-81.
|
| [43] |
Zhang X.F., Hu W.X., Zhang J.T.. Critical problems for dolomite formation and dolomitization models. Geol Sci Tech Info. 2006; 25(5): 32-40. Chinese
|
| [44] |
Zhang X.F., Shi K.B., Liu B., Yang Y.K., Wang J.Q.. Retention processes and porosity preservation in deep carbonate reservoirs. Geol Sci Tech Info. 2014; 33(02): 80-85. Chinese
|
| [45] |
Guo X.S., Guo T.L., Huang R.C., Chen Z.Q.. Reservoir development characteristics and predication technologies of large Puguang–Yuanba gas field. Eng Sci. 2010; 12(10): 82-90. Chinese
|
| [46] |
Yang G.X., He Z.H., Zhu X.. Research on seismic acquisition methods for lower assemblage of marine strata in South China. Geophy Pros Petrol. 2006; 45(1): 158-168. Chinese
|
| [47] |
Sun Y.F.. Core-log-seismic integration in hemipelagic marine sediments on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ODP Sci Results. 2000; 168: 21-35.
|
| [48] |
Sun Y.F.. Seismic signature of rock pore structure. Appl Geophys. 2004; 7(1): 42-48.
|
| [49] |
El-Wazeer F.A., Vizamora A., Hamedi A.A., Al-Housam H., Abram P., Busman S.. Integrating rock physics, seismic reservoir characterization and static modeling of carbonates: a case study from the UAE.
|
| [50] |
Zhang H.R., Sun Y.F., Dou Q.F., Zhang T.T.. Preliminary application of the frame flexibility factor in Puguang gas field. Oil Gas Geol. 2012; 33(6): 877-882. Chinese
|
| [51] |
Yin Z.W.. Gas-water identification technologies for ultra deep reef reservoirs in the Yuanba gas field, Sichuan Basin. Nat Gas Idn. 2014; 34(5): 66-70. Chinese
|
| [52] |
Lu S.M., McMechan G.A.. Elastic impedance inversion of multichannel seismic data from unconsolidated sediments containing gas hydrate and free gas. Geophysics. 2004; 69(1): 164-179.
|
This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX05005) and the National Natural Science Foundations of China (41672123). Three anonymous reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments.
Xusheng Guo, Dongfeng Hu, Yuping Li, Jinbao Duan, Xuefeng Zhang, Xiaojun Fan, Hua Duan, and Wencheng Li declare that they have no conflict of interest or financial conflicts to disclose.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
AI Summary
