Bharade A, Teh C. China’s Spring Festival celebration featured a fleet of dancing robots that flexed the country’s advancements in robotics [Internet]. New York City: Business Insider; 2025 Jan 29 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https:// www.businessinsider.com/china-spring-festival-robots-showing-off-humanoid- progress-2025-1.

China’s robot runners complete half marathon [Internet]. New York City: Associated Press; 2025 Apr 19 [cited 2025 Jul 6]. Available from: https:// apnews.com/article/china-robot-half-marathon-153c6823bd628625106ed 26267874d21.

In China, robot footballers show off AI skills on the pitch [Internet]. New York City: Associated Press; 2025 Jun 29 [cited 2025 Jul 6]. Available from: https://apnews.com/article/robots-foootball-china-ai-d49a4308930f49537b17f463afef5043.]

Bathgate R. China pits rival humanoids against each other in world’s first robot boxing tournament [Internet]. New York City: Live Science; 2025 Jun 18 [cited 2025 Jul 6]

The ultimate generalist: why humanoid robots make sense [Internet]. Cambourne: Humanoid Robotics Technology; 2024 Dec 16 [cited 2025 Jul 6]

Aksu H. The future of humanoid robots [Internet]. Carlsbad: Digitopia; 2025 Apr 10 [cited 2025 Jul 18]

Huld A. China’s humanoid robot market: opportunities and outlook [Internet]. Beijing: China Briefing; 2025 Apr 7 [cited 2025 Jul 17]

Xutong Z. China’s robotics supply chain ramps up for mass market [Internet]. Shanghai: Yicai Global; 2025 Jun 30 [cited 2025 Jul 6]

Humanoid robots market size, share, trends | forecast 2032 [Internet]. Pune: Fortune Business Insights; 2025 Jun 16 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/humanoid-robots-market-110188.

Humanoid robot market could reach $ 5 trillion by2050 [Internet]. New York City: Morgan Stanley; 2024 Oct 18 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https:// www.morganstanley.com/insights/articles/humanoid-robot-market-5-trillion- by-2050.

The rise of AI robots [Internet]. New York City: Citigroup Inc.; 2024 Nov 8 [cited 2025 Jul 3]

Smith J.China targets mass humanoid robot rollout by2025 [Internet]. Newton: IoT World Today; 2023 Nov 9 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://www.iotworldtoday.com/robotics/china-targets-mass-humanoid- robot-rollout-by-2025#close-modal.]

McGhee A. China’s humanoid robots compete with United States in AI arms race [Internet]. Ultimo: ABC News; 2025 Jun 28 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-06-28/china-humanoid-robots- compete-with-united-states/105431482.

Sgueglia G. China’s robotics industry: what are the opportunities for foreign stakeholders? [Internet]. Beijing: China Briefing; 2025 Jan 30 [cited 2025 Jul 6]

Introduction to Beijing’s economic areas [Internet]. Beijing: Beijing Municipal Government [cited 2025 Jul 6]. Available from: https://english.beijing.gov.cn/ investinginbeijing/WhyBeijing/DistrictsParks/Economic_Area/Introduction/.

Mozur P. China leans into automation amid tariffs in the trade war [Internet]. New York City: New York Times; 2025 Apr 23 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/business/china-tariffs-robots- automation.html.]

Chen C. Inside China’s electric vehicle to humanoid robot pivot [Internet]. Cambridge: MIT Technology Review; 2025 Feb 18 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/02/18/1111964/inside- chinas-electric-vehicle-to-humanoid-robot-pivot/.]

Howard J. The Humanoid 100: mapping the humanoid robot value chain [Internet]. New York City: Morgan Stanley Wealth Management; 2024 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://advisor.morganstanley.com/john. howard/documents/field/j/jo/john-howard/The_Humanoid_100_-_Mapping_ the_Humanoid_Robot_Value_Chain.pdf.

Malayil J. Chinese city unveils 7 humanoid robots with advanced thinking for 2025 World Games [Internet]. New York City: Interesting Engineering; 2025 Jan 3 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://interestingengineering.com/ innovation/chinese-city-unveils-7-humanoid-robots.]

China’s EV manufacturers are investing heavily in humanoid robots [Internet]. London: Just Auto; 2025 Feb 19 [cited 2025 Jul 6]

Malayil J. China’s humanoid robot boasts ‘brainpower’ and eagle-eye vision [Internet]. New York City: Interesting Engineering; 2025 Apr 2 [cited 2025 Jun 15]

Malayil J. Chinese automaker unveils third-gen humanoid robot with emotional expression [Internet]. New York City: Interesting Engineering; 2025 Apr 17 [cited 2025 Jul 3]

Yu C. China launches new AI-driven initiatives to bolster domestic innovation [Internet]. Beijing: China Daily; 2025 Feb 24 [cited 2025 Jul 6]. Available from: https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202502/24/ WS67bbba84a310c240449d6c1b.html.]

Smith C. Humanoid AI robots may soon jump out of Amazon vans to deliver packages [Internet]. New York City: BGR Media; 2025 Jun 5 [cited 2025 Jul 6]

Shaikh K.China’s Unitree launches full-size humanoid at just US$5,900, shocks robot market [Internet]. New York City: Interesting Engineering; 2025 Jul 25 [cited 2025 Jul 25]. Available from: https://interestingengineering.com/ innovation/unitree-launches-cheapest-humanoid-robot-r1.

NVIDIA announces Isaac GR00T N1—the world’s first open humanoid robot foundation model—and simulation frameworks to speed robot development [Internet]. Santa Clara: NVIDIA; 2025 Mar 18 [cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available from: https://investor.nvidia.com/news/press-release-details/2025/NVIDIA- Announces-Isaac-GR00T-N1-the-Worlds-First-Open-Humanoid-Robot-Foundation- Model-and-Simulation-Frameworks-to-Speed-Robot-Development/default.aspx.]

Leslie M. Robots get smarter with help from artificial intelligence. Engineering 2024; 40:1-3.

Klender J. Elon Musk teases Tesla Optimus Gen 3 capabilities: "so many improvements” [Internet]. San Francisco: Teslarati; 2025 Jun 18 [cited 2025 Jul 6]. Available from: https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-teases-tesla- optimus-gen-3-capabilities-so-many-improvements/.]

Knight W. Tesla’s big ‘we robot’ event criticized for parlor tricks and vague timelines [Internet]. San Francisco: VentureBeat; 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Jul 3]

Lambert F. Tesla Optimus program in shambles as head of program exits, production delayed [Internet]. Fremont: Electrek; 2025 Jul 3 [cited 2025 Jul 6]. Available from: https://electrek.co/2025/07/03/tesla-optimus-shambles-head- of-program-exits-production-delayed/.]