Borrelle SB, Ringma J, Law KL, Monnahan CC, Lebreton L, McGivern A, et al. Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science 2020; 369(6510):1515-8.

MacLeod M, Arp HPH, Tekman MB, Jahnke A. The global threat from plastic pollution. Science 2021; 373(6550):61-5.

Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Saeedi R, Aibaghi R, Faraji GF. Suspended fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), microplastics (MPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air: their possible relationships and health implications. Environ Res 2021;192:110339.

Zhang L, Zhao W, Zhang L, Cai Z, Yan R, Yu X, et al. New insights into microplastic contamination in different types of leachates: abundances, characteristics, and potential sources. Engineering 2024;37:62-8.

Yu H, Shao J, Jia H, Gang D, Ma B, Hu C. Characteristics and influencing factors of microplastics in snow in the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. Engineering 2024;37:69-77.

Su Y, Zhang Z, Wu D, Zhan L, Shi H, Xie B. Occurrence of microplastics in landfill systems and their fate with landfill age. Water Res 2019;164:114968.

Wan Y, Chen X, Liu Q, Hu H, Wu C, Xue Q. Informal landfill contributes to the pollution of microplastics in the surrounding environment. Environ Pollut 2022;293:118586.

Mohan AM. Degradable additives hinder recycling, says plastic recyclers association [Internet]. Chicago: Packaging World; 2013 Apr 15 [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.packworld.com/sustainable-packaging/news/13362272/degradable-additives-hinder-recycling-says-plastic-recyclers-association.

UN Environment Programme. Biodegradable plastics are not the answer to reducing marine litter, says UN [Internet]. Nairobi: UNEP; 2015 Nov 17 [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/biodegradable-plastics-are-not-answer-reducing-marine-litter-says-un.

Hong M, Chen EYX. Chemically recyclable polymers: a circular economy approach to sustainability. Green Chem 2017; 19(16):3692-706.

Payne J, McKeown P, Jones MD. A circular economy approach to plastic waste. Polym Degrad Stabil 2019;165:170-81.

Lee K, Jing Y, Wang Y, Yan N. A unified view on catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastics. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6(9):635-52.

Bucknall DG. Plastics as a materials system in a circular economy. Philos Trans A 2020; 378(2176):20190268.

Development of plant-derived materials and biodegradable materials. Plant-derived, biodegradable Plastic BioPBS TM [Internet]. Tokyo: Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation; [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.m-chemical.co.jp/en/csr/activities/case1.html.

Pischedda A, Tosin M, Degli-Innocenti F. Biodegradation of plastics in soil: the effect of temperature. Polym Degrad Stabil 2019;170:109017.

Polman EMN, Gruter GJM, Parsons JR, Tietema A. Comparison of the aerobic biodegradation of biopolymers and the corresponding bioplastics: a review. Sci Total Environ 2021;753:141953.

Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, Qiu Y, Tabassum T, Jang JH, et al. Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2020; 8(9):3494-511.

Yu M, Zheng Y, Tian J. Study on the biodegradability of modified starch/polylactic acid (PLA) composite materials. RSC Adv 2020; 10(44):26298-307.

Al-Salem SM, Lettieri P, Baeyens J. Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review. Waste Manag 2009; 29(10):2625-43.

Brüster B, Addiego F, Hassouna F, Ruch D, Raquez JM, Dubois P. Thermo-mechanical degradation of plasticized poly(lactide) after multiple reprocessing to simulate recycling: multi-scale analysis and underlying mechanisms. Polym Degrad Stabil 2016;131:132-44.

Pillin I, Montrelay N, Bourmaud A, Grohens Y. Effect of thermo-mechanical cycles on the physico-chemical properties of poly(lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stabil 2008; 93(2):321-8.

Resch-Fauster K, Klein A, Blees E, Feuchter M. Mechanical recyclability of technical biopolymers: potential and limits. Polym Test 2017;64:287-95.

Manžuch Z, Akelytë R, Camboni M, Carlander D. Chemical recycling of polymeric materials from waste in the circular economy. Final report. Milan: RPA Europe; 2021.

Zero Waste Europe. El Dorado of chemical recycling, state of play and policy challenges [Internet]. Brussels: Zero Waste Europe; 2019 Aug 28 [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://zerowasteeurope.eu/library/el-dorado-of-chemical-recycling-state-of-play-and-policy-challenges/.

Davidson MG, Furlong RA, McManus MC. Developments in the life cycle assessment of chemical recycling of plastic waste—a review. J Clean Prod 2021;293:126163.

Zou L, Xu R, Wang H, Wang Z, Sun Y, Li M. Chemical recycling of polyolefins: a closed-loop cycle of waste to olefins. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10(9):nwad207.

Anuar Sharuddin SD, Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, Aroua MK. A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energ Conver Manage 2016;115:308-26.

Snow J, Lederer J, Kuráň P, Koutník P. Dechlorination during pyrolysis of plastics: effect of municipal plastic waste composition. Fuel Process Technol 2023;248:107823.

Arena U, Ardolino F. Technical and environmental performances of alternative treatments for challenging plastics waste. Resour Conserv Recycling 2022;183:106379.

Huysveld S, Ragaert K, Demets R, Nhu TT, Civancik-Uslu D, Kusenberg M, et al. Technical and market substitutability of recycled materials: calculating the environmental benefits of mechanical and chemical recycling of plastic packaging waste. Waste Manag 2022;152:69-79.

Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Roelands MCP, White RJ, van Harmelen T, de Wild P, et al. Beyond mechanical recycling: giving new life to plastic waste. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59(36):15402-23.

Lamberti FM, Román-Ramírez LA, Wood J. Recycling of bioplastics: routes and benefits. J Polym Environ 2020; 28(10):2551-71.

Jeswani H, Krüger C, Russ M, Horlacher M, Antony F, Hann S, et al. Life cycle environmental impacts of chemical recycling via pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste in comparison with mechanical recycling and energy recovery. Sci Total Environ 2021;769:144483.

Tullo AH. Plastic has a problem; is chemical recycling the solution? [Internet]. Washington, DC: Chemical & Engineering News; 2019 Oct 6 [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://cen.acs.org/environment/recycling/Plastic-problem-chemical-recycling-solution/97/i39.

Liu X, Xu S, Zhang F, Wang X, Wang Y. Chemical upcycling of polymeric materials. Acta Polym Sin 2022; 53(9):1005-22.

AIMPLAS. Chemical recycling in Spain: fostering a circular future [Internet]. Brussels: Plastics Europe; 2021 Apr [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/chemical-recycling-in-spainfostering-a-circular-future-english-version/.

Europe P. Chemical recycling in brief. Brussels: Plastics Europe; 2022.

Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, et al. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 2015; 347(6223):768-71.

Lively JA, Good TP. Ghost fishing. In: Sheppard C, editor. World seas:an environmental evaluation. London: Academic Press; 2019. p. 183-96.

Matsuoka T, Nakashima T, Nagasawa N. A review of ghost fishing: scientific approaches to evaluation and solutions. Fish Sci 2005; 71(4):691-702.

Rochman CM, Browne MA, Underwood AJ, van Franeker JA, Thompson RC, Amaral-Zettler LA. The ecological impacts of marine debris: unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is perceived. Ecology 2016; 97(2):302-12.

Kelly H. Climate change and the future of plastics [Internet]. Boston: Boston University Institute for Global Sustainability; [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.bu.edu/igs/2022/05/25/climate-change-and-the-future-of-plastics/.

Kawashima N, Yagi T, Kojima K. How do bioplastics and fossil-based plastics play in a circular economy? Macromol Mater Eng 2019; 304(9):1900383.

S&P Global. Bioplastics offer a smaller carbon footprint [Internet]. New York City: S&P Global Commodity Insights; 2018 Jul 26 [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/ci/research-analysis/bioplastics-offer-a-smaller-carbon-footprint.html.

Chen G, Li J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Leeke GA, Moretti C, et al. Replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics: impact on carbon emissions. Engineering 2024;32:152-62.

Ren X. Biodegradable plastics: a solution or a challenge? J Clean Prod 2003; 11(1):27-40.

Badia JD, Strömberg E, Karlsson S, Ribes-Greus A. Material valorisation of amorphous polylactide. Influence of thermo-mechanical degradation on the morphology, segmental dynamics, thermal and mechanical performance. Polym Degrad Stabil 2012; 97(4):670-8.

Maris J, Bourdon S, Brossard JM, Cauret L, Fontaine L, Montembault V. Mechanical recycling: compatibilization of mixed thermoplastic wastes. Polym Degrad Stabil 2018;147:245-66.

Parker L. A whopping 91 percent of plastic isn’t recycled [Internet]. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society; 2018 Dec 20 [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/whopping-91-percent-plastic-isnt-recycled/.

Ganesan A, Preetha H, Subathara S, Bhowmik S. Comparative analysis of carbon emission from products of virgin plastics and recycled plastics and their environmental benefits. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2023; 20(6):6713-22.

Gadkari S, Kumar D, Qin ZH, Ki Lin CS, Kumar V. Life cycle analysis of fermentative production of succinic acid from bread waste. Waste Manag 2021;126:861-71.

Shaji A, Shastri Y, Kumar V, Ranade VV, Hindle N. Economic and environmental assessment of succinic acid production from sugarcane bagasse. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2021; 9(38):12738-46.

Lee U, Bhatt A, Hawkins TR, Tao L, Benavides PT, Wang M. Life cycle analysis of renewable natural gas and lactic acid production from waste feedstocks. J Clean Prod 2021;311:127653.

Semba T, Sakai Y, Sakanishi T, Inaba A. Greenhouse gas emissions of 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate on its life cycle compared with petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate. J Clean Prod 2018;195:932-8.

Corona A, Biddy MJ, Vardon DR, Birkved M, Hauschild MZ, Beckham GT. Life cycle assessment of adipic acid production from lignin. Green Chem 2018; 20(16):3857-66.

Thaore V, Chadwick D, Shah N. Sustainable production of chemical intermediates for nylon manufacture: a techno-economic analysis for renewable production of caprolactone. Chem Eng Res Des 2018;135:140-52.

Coates GW, Getzler YDYL. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. Nat Rev Mater 2020; 5(7):501-16.

Bioplastics E. Bioplastics market data 2022. Berlin: European Bioplastics; 2022.

Liu C, Liu C. Exploring plastic-management policy in China: status, challenges and policy insights. Sustainability 2023; 15(11):9087.

Louw J, Farzad S, Görgens JF. Polyethylene furanoate: technoeconomic analysis of biobased production. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 2023; 17(1):135-52.

Xu W. A study on the synthesis, modification and current market status of PBAT. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Prevention and Pollution Control; 2023 Mar 24-26; Xiamen, China. Les Ulis: EDP Sciences; 2023. p. 04007.

Kahlert S, Bening CR. Why pledges alone will not get plastics recycled: comparing recyclate production and anticipated demand. Resour Conserv Recycling 2022;181:106279.

Shen L, Nieuwlaar E, Worrell E, Patel MK. Life cycle energy and GHG emissions of PET recycling: change-oriented effects. Int J Life Cycle Assess 2011; 16(6):522-36.

Changwichan K, Silalertruksa T, Gheewala SH. Eco-efficiency assessment of bioplastics production systems and end-of-life options. Sustainability 2018; 10(4):952.

Cosate de Andrade MF, Souza PMS, Cavalett O, Morales AR. PLA): Life cycle assessment of poly(lactic acid) (comparison between chemical recycling, mechanical recycling and composting. J Polym Environ 2016; 24(4):372-84.

Schwarz A, Ferjan Š, Kunst J. Life cycle assessment of advanced grade PLA product with novel end-of-life treatment through depolymerization. Sci Total Environ 2023;905:167020.

Morão A, de Bie F. Life cycle impact assessment of polylactic acid (PLA) produced from sugarcane in Thailand. J Polym Environ 2019; 27(11):2523-39.

Chaudhari US, Lin Y, Thompson VS, Handler RM, Pearce JM, Caneba G, et al. Systems analysis approach to polyethylene terephthalate and olefin plastics supply chains in the circular economy: a review of data sets and models. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2021; 9(22):7403-21.

Kim HS, Yang HS, Kim HJ, Park HJ. Thermogravimetric analysis of rice husk flour filled thermoplastic polymer composites. J Therm Anal Calorim 2004; 76(2):395-404.

Miao Y, Zhao Y, Waterhouse GIN, Shi R, Wu LZ, Zhang T. Photothermal recycling of waste polyolefin plastics into liquid fuels with high selectivity under solvent-free conditions. Nat Commun 2023;14:4242.

Hohn S, Acevedo-Trejos E, Abrams JF, Fulgencio de Moura J, Spranz R, Merico A. The long-term legacy of plastic mass production. Sci Total Environ 2020;746:141115.

Yao Z, Seong HJ, Jang YS. Environmental toxicity and decomposition of polyethylene. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022;242:113933.

Sinfrônio FSM, Santos JCO, Pereira LG, Souza AG, Conceiça˘o MM, Fernandes Jr VJ, et al. Kinetic of thermal degradation of low-density and high-density polyethylene by non-isothermal thermogravimetry. J Therm Anal Calorim 2005; 79(2):393-9.

Al-Furhood J, Alsewailem F, Almutabaqani L. Activation energy for the pyrolysis of polymer wastes. Eur Chem Bull 2014; 3(1):93-7.

Campanelli JR, Kamal M, Cooper D. A kinetic study of the hydrolytic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate at high temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 1993; 48(3):443-51.

Dubelley F, Planes E, Bas C, Pons E, Yrieix B, Flandin L. Predictive durability of polyethylene terephthalate toward hydrolysis over large temperature and relative humidity ranges. Polymer 2018;142:285-92.

Fang P, Xia S, Lu X. Rapid alcoholysis of PET enhanced by its swelling under high temperature. J Environ Chem Eng 2022; 10(3):107823.

Alhulaybi Z, Dubdub I, Al-Yaari M, Almithn A, Al-Naim AF, Aljanubi H. Pyrolysis kinetic study of polylactic acid. Polymers 2022; 15(1):12.

McKeown P, Jones MD. The chemical recycling of PLA: a review. Sustain Chem 2020; 1(1):1-22.

Tsuji H, Saeki T, Tsukegi T, Daimon H, Fujie K. Comparative study on hydrolytic degradation and monomer recovery of poly( L-lactic acid) in the solid and in the melt. Polym Degrad Stabil 2008; 93(10):1956-63.

Filachione EM, Lengel JH, Fisher CH. Preparation of methyl lactate. Ind Eng Chem 1945; 37(4):388-90.

Hirao K, Nakatsuchi Y, Ohara H. Alcoholysis of poly( L-lactic acid) under microwave irradiation. Polym Degrad Stabil 2010; 95(6):925-8.

Deshoulles Q, Gall ML, Benali S, Raquez JM, Dreanno C, Arhant M, et al. Hydrolytic degradation of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)—towards an understanding of microplastics fragmentation. Polym Degrad Stabil 2022;205:110122.

Tsuji H, Yamamura Y, Ono T, Saeki T, Daimon H, Fujie K. Hydrolytic degradation and monomer recovery of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate/adipate) in the melt. Macromol React Eng 2008; 2(6):522-8.

Yu J, Plackett D, Chen LXL. Kinetics and mechanism of the monomeric products from abiotic hydrolysis of poly[( R )-3-hydroxybutyrate] under acidic and alkaline conditions. Polym Degrad Stabil 2005; 89(2):289-99.

Tsuji H, Ono T, Saeki T, Daimon H, Fujie K. Hydrolytic degradation of poly( e-caprolactone) in the melt. Polym Degrad Stabil 2005; 89(2):336-43.

Rubio Arias JJ, Barnard E, Thielemans W. Ultrafast simultaneous and selective depolymerization of heterogeneous streams of polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate: towards industrially feasible chemical recycling. ChemSusChem 2022; 15(15):e202200625.

Das P, Tiwari P. Thermal degradation kinetics of plastics and model selection. Thermochim Acta 2017;654:191-202.

Gao S, Shi L, Wei H, Liu P, Zhao W, Gong L, et al. b-sheet engineering of Is PETase for PET depolymerization. Engineering 2025;47:180-93.

Noor H, Satti SM, Din S, Farman M, Hasan F, Khan S, et al. Insight on esterase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain S 3 that depolymerize poly(lactic acid) (PLA) at ambient temperature. Polym Degrad Stabil 2020;174:109096.

Hajighasemi M, Nocek BP, Tchigvintsev A, Brown G, Flick R, Xu X, et al. Biochemical and structural insights into enzymatic depolymerization of polylactic acid and other polyesters by microbial carboxylesterases. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17(6):2027-39.

Fundador NGV, Takemura A, Iwata T. Structural properties and enzymatic degradation behavior of PLLA and stereocomplexed PLA nanofibers. Macromol Mater Eng 2010; 295(9):865-71.

Huang Q, Hiyama M, Kabe T, Kimura S, Iwata T. Enzymatic self-biodegradation of poly( L-lactic acid) films by embedded heat-treated and immobilized proteinase K. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21(8):3301-7.

Li S, Girard A, Garreau H, Vert M. Enzymatic degradation of polylactide stereocopolymers with predominant D-lactyl contents. Polym Degrad Stabil 2000; 71(1):61-7.

Urinov E, Hanstein S, Weidenkaff A. Enzymatic degradation of fiber-reinforced PLA composite material. Macromol 2022; 2(4):522-30.

Lee SH, Kim IY, Song WS. Biodegradation of polylactic acid (PLA) fibers using different enzymes. Macromol Res 2014; 22(6):657-63.

N’Gatta KM, Belaid H, El Hayek J, Assanvo EF, Kajdan M, Masquelez N, et al. 3D printing of cellulose nanocrystals based composites to build robust biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2022; 12(1):21244.

Hu X, Gao Z, Wang Z, Su T, Yang L, Li P. Enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene succinate) by cutinase cloned from Fusarium solani. Polym Degrad Stabil 2016;134:211-9.

Shi K, Su T, Wang Z. Comparison of poly(butylene succinate) biodegradation by Fusarium solani cutinase and Candida antarctica lipase. Polym Degrad Stabil 2019;164:55-60.

Sato S, Saika A, Shinozaki Y, Watanabe T, Suzuki K, Sameshima-Yamashita Y, et al. Degradation profiles of biodegradable plastic films by biodegradable plastic-degrading enzymes from the yeast Pseudozyma antarctica and the fungus Paraphoma sp. B47-9. Polym Degrad Stabil 2017;141:26-32.

Peñas MI, Criado-Gonzalez M, de Ilarduya AM, Flores A, Raquez JM, Mincheva R, et al. Tunable enzymatic biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate): biobased coatings and self-degradable films. Polym Degrad Stabil 2023;211:110341.

Lee CW, Kimura Y, Chung JD. Mechanism of enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene succinate). Macromol Res 2008; 16(7):651-8.

Taniguchi I, Nakano S, Nakamura T, El-Salmawy A, Miyamoto M, Kimura Y. Mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate-co-L-lactate) with a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia. Macromol Biosci 2002; 2(9):447-55.

Choi S, Jeon H, Jang M, Kim H, Shin G, Koo JM, et al. Biodegradable, efficient, and breathable multi-use face mask filter. Adv Sci 2021; 8(6):2003155.

Yang Y, Min J, Xue T, Jiang P, Liu X, Peng R, et al. Complete bio-degradation of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) via engineered cutinases. Nat Commun 2023;14:1645.

Lin W, Zhao Y, Su T, Wang Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) by Fusarium solani cutinase. Polym Degrad Stabil 2023;211:110335.

Zumstein MT, Rechsteiner D, Roduner N, Perz V, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM, et al. Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyester thin films at the nanoscale: effects of polyester structure and enzyme active-site accessibility. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51(13):7476-85.

Wallace PW, Haernvall K, Ribitsch D, Zitzenbacher S, Schittmayer M, Steinkellner G, et al. PpEst is a novel PBAT degrading polyesterase identified by proteomic screening of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101(6):2291-303.

Perz V, Baumschlager A, Bleymaier K, Zitzenbacher S, Hromic A, Steinkellner G, et al. Hydrolysis of synthetic polyesters by Clostridium botulinum esterases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113(5):1024-34.

Kanwal A, Zhang M, Sharaf F, Li C. Enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) copolymer using lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) and effect of PBAT on plant growth. Polym Bull 2022; 79(10):9059-73.

Chen HJ, Pan SC, Shaw GC. Identification and characterization of a novel intracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from bacillus megaterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75(16):5290-9.

Jeepery IF, Sudesh K, Abe H. Miscibility and enzymatic degradability of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)-based polyester blends by PHB depolymerase and lipase. Polym Degrad Stabil 2021;192:109692.

Papaneophytou CP, Pantazaki AA, Kyriakidis DA. An extracellular polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase in Thermus thermophilus HB8. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83(4):659-68.

Braaz R, Handrick R, Jendrossek D. Identification and characterisation of the catalytic triad of the alkaliphilic thermotolerant PHA depolymerase PhaZ7 of Paucimonas lemoignei. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 224(1):107-12.

Kanmani P, Kumaresan K, Aravind J, Karthikeyan S, Balan R. Enzymatic degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoate using lipase from Bacillus subtilis. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2016; 13(6):1541-52.

Shi K, Jing J, Song L, Su T, Wang Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyester: degradation of poly( e-caprolactone) by Candida antarctica lipase and Fusarium solani cutinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020;144:183-9.

Li L, Lin X, Bao J, Xia H, Li F. Two extracellular poly( e-caprolactone)-degrading enzymes from Pseudomonas hydrolytica sp. DSWY 01^T: purificati n, o characterization, and gene analysis. Front Bioeng. Biotechnol 2022;10:835847.

Liu M, Zhang T, Long L, Zhang R, Ding S. Efficient enzymatic degradation of poly( e-caprolactone) by an engineered bifunctional lipase-cutinase. Polym Degrad Stabil 2019;160:120-5.

Gioia C, Giacobazzi G, Vannini M, Totaro G, Sisti L, Colonna M, et al. End of life of biodegradable plastics: composting versus re/upcycling. ChemSusChem 2021; 14(19):4167-75.

Tsuji H, Ogiwara M, Saha SK, Sakaki T. Enzymatic, alkaline, and autocatalytic degradation of poly( L-lactic acid): effects of biaxial orientation. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7(1):380-7.

Piemonte V, Gironi F. Kinetics of hydrolytic degradation of PLA. J Polym Environ 2013; 21(2):313-8.

Piemonte V, Gironi F. Lactic acid production by hydrolysis of poly(lactic acid) in aqueous solutions: an experimental and kinetic study. J Polym Environ 2013; 21(1):275-9.

Iñiguez-Franco F, Auras R, Burgess G, Holmes D, Fang X, Rubino M, et al. Concurrent solvent induced crystallization and hydrolytic degradation of PLA by water-ethanol solutions. Polymer 2016;99:315-23.

Iñiguez-Franco F, Auras R, Dolan K, Selke S, Holmes D, Rubino M, et al. Chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) by water-ethanol solutions. Polym Degrad Stabil 2018;149:28-38.

Jung JH, Ree M, Kim H. Acid-and base-catalyzed hydrolyses of aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters. Catal Today 2006; 115(1-4):283-7.

Lazzari S, Codari F, Storti G, Morbidelli M, Moscatelli D. Modeling the pH-dependent PLA oligomer degradation kinetics. Polym Degrad Stabil 2014;110:80-90.

Song X, Wang H, Yang X, Liu F, Yu S, Liu S. Hydrolysis of poly(lactic acid) into calcium lactate using ionic liquid [Bmim][OAc] for chemical recycling. Polym Degrad Stabil 2014;110:65-70.

Ye B, Zhou R, Wang C, Wang Z, Zhong Z, Hou Z. Alcoholysis of waste PLA-based plastics to methyl lactate over sulfated ZrO₂/SiO₂ catalyst. Appl Catal A 2023;649:118936.

Liu Q, Yang R, Dong B, Sun H, Xu G, Wang Q. Ultrafast and selective chemical recycling of PLA to methyl lactate by using MHMDS as simple catalysts. Polym Degrad Stabil 2024;222:110706.

Carné Sánchez A, Collinson SR. The selective recycling of mixed plastic waste of polylactic acid and polyethylene terephthalate by control of process conditions. Eur Polym J 2011; 47(10):1970-6.

Wu W, Zhai H, Wu K, Wang X, Rao W, Ding J, et al. Cheap organocatalyst diphenyl phosphate for efficient chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid), other polyesters and polycarbonates. Chem Eng J 2024;480:148131.

Liu F, Guo J, Zhao P, Gu Y, Gao J, Liu M. Facile synthesis of DBU-based protic ionic liquid for efficient alcoholysis of waste poly(lactic acid) to lactate esters. Polym Degrad Stabil 2019;167:124-9.

Román-Ramírez LA, McKeown P, Jones MD, Wood J. Poly(lactic acid) degradation into methyl lactate catalyzed by a well-defined Zn(II) complex. ACS Catal 2019; 9(1):409-16.

Hofmann M, Alberti C, Scheliga F, Mei ß ner RRR, Enthaler S.Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate catalysed methanolysis of end-of-life poly(lactide). Polym Chem 2020; 11(15):2625-9.

De Clercq R, Dusselier M, Poleunis C, Debecker DP, Giebeler L, Oswald S, et al. Titania-silica catalysts for lactide production from renewable alkyl lactates: structure-activity relations. ACS Catal 2018; 8(9):8130-9.

Majgaonkar P, Hanich R, Malz F, Brüll R. Chemical recycling of post-consumer PLA waste for sustainable production of ethyl lactate. Chem Eng J 2021;423:129952.

Yang R, Xu G, Dong B, Hou H, Wang Q. A “polymer to polymer” chemical recycling of PLA plastics by the “DE-RE polymerization” strategy. Macromolecules 2022; 55(5):1726-35.

Weng YX, Jin YJ, Meng QY, Wang L, Zhang M, Wang YZ. Biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and their blend under soil conditions. Polym Test 2013; 32(5):918-26.

Kwak H, Kim H, Park SA, Lee M, Jang M, Park SB, et al. Biodegradable, water-resistant, anti-fizzing, polyester nanocellulose composite paper straws. Adv Sci 2023; 10(1):2205554.

Wang GX, Huang D, Ji JH, Völker C, Wurm FR. Seawater-degradable polymers—fighting the marine plastic pollution. Adv Sci 2021; 8(1):2001121.

Rossi V, Cleeve-Edwards N, Lundquist L, Schenker U, Dubois C, Humbert S, et al. Life cycle assessment of end-of-life options for two biodegradable packaging materials: sound application of the European waste hierarchy. J Clean Prod 2015;86:132-45.

Shen C, Zhao X, Long Y, An W, Zhou X, Liu X, et al. Approach for the low carbon footprint of biodegradable plastic PBAT: complete recovery of its every monomer via high-efficiency hydrolysis and separation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11(5):2005-13.

Zheng WZ, Li X, Xu PY, Zhang ZY, Wang PL, Lu B, et al. Sustainable recycling of the biodegradable polyester poly(butylene succinate) via selective catalytic hydrolysis and repolymerization. Resour Conserv Recycling 2024;209:107771.

Tsuji H, Ishizaka T. Porous biodegradable polyesters. II. Physical properties, morphology, and enzymatic and alkaline hydrolysis of porous poly( e-caprolactone) films. J Appl Polym Sci 2001; 80(12):2281-91.

Li Y, Strathmann TJ. Kinetics and mechanism for hydrothermal conversion of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) for wastewater valorization. Green Chem 2019; 21(20):5586-97.

Mitomo H. Aminolysis of poly( b-hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymer. Seni Gakkaishi 1992; 48(11):595-601.

Wang Y, Yang R, Xu G, Guo X, Dong B, Zhang Q, et al. Zn-catalyzed coordination-insertion depolymerization strategy of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) under bulk conditions. Polym Degrad Stabil 2023;214:110413.

Krall EM, Klein TW, Andersen RJ, Nett AJ, Glasgow RW, Reader DS, et al. Controlled hydrogenative depolymerization of polyesters and polycarbonates catalyzed by ruthenium(II) PNN pincer complexes. Chem Commun 2014; 50(38):4884-7.

Westhues S, Idel J, Klankermayer J. Molecular catalyst systems as key enablers for tailored polyesters and polycarbonate recycling concepts. Sci Adv 2018; 4(8):eaat9669.

Tang M, Shen J, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Gan T, Zheng X, et al. Highly efficient recycling of polyester wastes to diols using Ru and Mo dual-atom catalyst. Nat Commun 2024;15:5630.

Lehnertz MS, Mensah JB, Palkovits R. Chemical recycling of polyhydroxybutyrate and polylactic acid over supported Ru catalysts. Green Chem 2022; 24(10):3957-63.

Sintim HY, Bary AI, Hayes DG, Wadsworth LC, Anunciado MB, English ME, et al. In situ degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films in compost and agricultural soils. Sci Total Environ 2020;727:138668.

Kawashima N, Yagi T, Kojima K. Pilot-scale composting test of polylactic acid for social implementation. Sustainability 2021; 13(4):1654.

Nakasaki K, Ohtaki A, Takano H. Biodegradable plastic reduces ammonia emission during composting. Polym Degrad Stabil 2000; 70(2):185-8.

Altieri R, Seggiani M, Esposito A, Cinelli P, Stanzione V. Thermoplastic blends based on poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) and different collagen hydrolysates from tanning industry—II: aerobic biodegradation in composting medium. J Polym Environ 2021; 29(10):3375-88.

Lu J, Qiu Y, Muhmood A, Zhang L, Wang P, Ren L. Appraising co-composting efficiency of biodegradable plastic bags and food wastes: assessment microplastics morphology, greenhouse gas emissions, and changes in microbial community. Sci Total Environ 2023;875:162356.

Agegnehu G, Bass AM, Nelson PN, Bird MI. Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar-compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil. Sci Total Environ 2016;543:295-306.

Al-Rumaihi A, Alherbawi M, McKay G, Mackey H, Parthasarathy P, Al-Ansari T. Assessing plastic and biomass-based biochar’s potential for carbon sequestration: an energy-water-environment approach. Front Sustain 2023;4:1200094.

Igalavithana AD, Yuan X, Attanayake CP, Wang S, You S, Tsang DCW, et al. Sustainable management of plastic wastes in COVID-19 pandemic: the biochar solution. Environ Res 2022;212:113495.

Adelodun AA, Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO, Onifade DV, Arowoyele LT. Thermochemical conversion of oil palm fiber-LDPE hybrid waste into biochar. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 2020; 14(6):1313-23.

Adeniyi AG, Iwuozor KO, Emenike EC, Ajala OJ, Ogunniyi S, Muritala KB. Thermochemical co-conversion of biomass-plastic waste to biochar: a review. Green Chem Eng 2024; 5(1):31-49.

Çepeliog˘ullar Ö, Pütün AE. Thermal and kinetic behaviors of biomass and plastic wastes in co-pyrolysis. Energ Conver Manage 2013;75:263-70.

Kim H, Shin G, Jang M, Nilsson F, Hakkarainen M, Kim HJ, et al. Toward sustaining bioplastics: add a pinch of seasoning. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11(5):1846-56.

Li M, Bi Z, Xie L, Sun G, Liu Z, Kong Q, et al. From starch to carbon materials: insight into the cross-linking reaction and its influence on the carbonization process. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2019; 7(17):14796-804.

Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 2017; 3(7):e1700782.

Pozo Morales A, Güemes A, Fernandez-Lopez A, Carcelen Valero V, De La Rosa LS. Bamboo-polylactic acid (PLA) composite material for structural applications. Materials 2017; 10(11):1286.

Aloui H, Khwaldia K. Natural antimicrobial edible coatings for microbial safety and food quality enhancement. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15(6):1080-103.

Sharma R, Jafari SM, Sharma S. Antimicrobial bio-nanocomposites and their potential applications in food packaging. Food Control 2020;112:107086.

Bañón C, Raspall F. 3D printing floating modular farms from plastic waste. Mater Today Proc 2022;70:560-6.

Pasquero C, Poletto M. Beauty as ecological intelligence: bio-digital aesthetics as a value system of post-Anthropocene architecture. Archit Des 2019; 89(5):58-65.

Peters T. ecoLogicStudio. Archit Des 2010; 80(3):110-5.

Santos J, Pham A, Stasinopoulos P, Giustozzi F. Recycling waste plastics in roads: a life-cycle assessment study using primary data. Sci Total Environ 2021;751:141842.

Wang Y. Utilization of recycled carpet waste fibers for reinforcement of concrete and soil: polymer and fiber recycling. Polym Plast Technol Eng 1999; 38(3):533-46.

Cirino E, Curtis S, Wallis J, Thys T, Brown J, Rolsky C, et al. Assessing benefits and risks of incorporating plastic waste in construction materials. Front Built Environ 2023;9:1206474.

Dar MA, Xie R, Zabed HM, Pawar KD, Dhole NP, Sun J. Current paradigms and future challenges in harnessing gut bacterial symbionts of insects for biodegradation of plastic wastes. Insect Sci 2025; 32(3):726-52.

Sanchez-Hernandez JC. A toxicological perspective of plastic biodegradation by insect larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C 2021;248:109117.

Peng BY, Chen Z, Chen J, Zhou X, Wu WM, Zhang Y. Biodegradation of polylactic acid by yellow mealworms (larvae of Tenebrio molitor ) via resource recovery: a sustainable approach for waste management. J Hazard Mater 2021;416:125803.

Peng BY, Sun Y, Li P, Yu S, Xu Y, Chen J, et al. Biodegradation of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polylactic acid microplastics in Tenebrio molitor larvae: physiological responses. J Environ Manage 2023;345:118818.

Peng BY, Zhang X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Chen J, Shen Z, et al. Biodegradation and carbon resource recovery of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by mealworms: removal efficiency, depolymerization pattern, and microplastic residue. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11(5):1774-84.

Jung H, Shin G, Park SB, Jegal J, Park SA, Park J, et al. Circular waste management: superworms as a sustainable solution for biodegradable plastic degradation and resource recovery. Waste Manag 2023;171:568-79.

Asiri F. Polyhydroxyalkanoates for sustainable aquaculture: a review of recent advancements, challenges, and future directions. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72(4):2034-58.

Duan H, Zuo J, Pan N, Cui X, Guo J, Sui L. 3-Hydroxybutyrate helps crayfish resistant to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in versatile ways. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023;132:108444.

Wang X, Jiang XR, Wu F, Ma Y, Che X, Chen X, et al. Microbial poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as a feed additive for fishes and piglets. Biotechnol J 2019; 14(12):e1900132.

Jemec Kokalj A, Nagode A, Drobne D, Dolar A. Effects of agricultural microplastics in multigenerational tests with insects; mealworms Tenebrio molitor. Sci Total Environ 2024;946:174490.

Zhu JB, Watson EM, Tang J, Chen EYX. A synthetic polymer system with repeatable chemical recyclability. Science 2018; 360(6387):398-403.

Yan YT, Wu G, Chen SC, Wang YZ. Controlled synthesis and closed-loop chemical recycling of biodegradable copolymers with composition-dependent properties. Sci China Chem 2022; 65(5):943-53.

Zhang W, Tian GQ, Wu G, Chen SC, Wang YZ. Ultrafast and selective recycling of poly( p-dioxanone) to monomers by using Brønsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids as solvents/catalysts. Green Chem 2023; 25(14):5517-25.

Li MQ, Luo ZX, Yu XY, Tian GQ, Wu G, Chen SC, et al. Ring-opening polymerization of a seven-membered lactone toward a biocompatibl e, degradable, and recyclable semi-aromatic polyester. Macromolecules 2023; 56(6):2465-75.

Shi C, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Closed-loop recycling of mixed plastics of polyester and CO₂-based polycarbonate to a single monomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63(34):e202405083.

Circular together:nylon made from recycled fishing nets [Internet]. Goirle: HAVEP; [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.havep.com/en/blog/circular-together%C2%A0-nylon-made-from-recycled-fishing-nets.

ECONYL ® Regenerated Nylon celebrates a decade of endless possibilities [Internet]. Trento: Aquafil S.p.A.; 2021 May 20 [cited 2024 Oct 28]. Available from: https://www.econyl.com/press/econyl-regenerated-nylon-celebrates-a-decade-of-endless-possibilities/.

Park S, Bae B, Cha BJ, Kim YJ, Kwak HW. Development of poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene succinate-co-ethylene adipate-co-ethylene succinate) (PBEAS) net twine as biodegradable fishing gear. Mar Pollut Bull 2023;194:115295.

Hong Y, Yang HS, Lee MH, Kim S, Park SB, Hwang SY, et al. Fishing gear with enhanced drapability and biodegradability: artificial, eco-friendly fibers inspired by the mussel byssus. Chem Eng J 2024;489:151388.

van der Velden NM, Patel MK, Vogtländer JG. LCA benchmarking study on textiles made of cotton, polyester, nylon, acryl, or elastane. Int J Life Cycle Assess 2014; 19(2):331-56.

Rajendran N, Han J. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of poly(butylene succinate) production using food waste. Waste Manag 2023;156:168-76.

Papong S, Malakul P, Trungkavashirakun R, Wenunun P, Chom-in T, Nithitanakul M, et al. Comparative assessment of the environmental profile of PLA and PET drinking water bottles from a life cycle perspective. J Clean Prod 2014;65:539-50.

Kim J, Park S, Jung S, Yun H, Choi K, Heo G, et al. Biodegradation behavior of polybutylene succinate (PBS) fishing gear in marine sedimentary environments for ghost fishing prevention. Polym Degrad Stabil 2023;216:110490.

Gill-Simons J. EU bans 10 most common single-use plastic items found on beaches [Internet]. Lyon: Euronews; 2021 Jul 5 [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/07/05/eu-bans-10-most-common-single-use-plastic-items-found-on-beaches.

Regulation (EU) 2025/40 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2024 on packaging and packaging waste, amending Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 and Directive (EU) 2019/904, and repealing Directive 94/62/EC. Document 32025R0040. 2025 Jan 22.

Valpak. Everything producers should know about the Italian plastic tax [Internet]. Stratford-upon-Avon: Valpak Limited; 2024 Jan 15 [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.valpak.co.uk/everything-producers-should-know-about-the-italian-plastic-tax/.

Loi du 10 février 2020 relative à la lutte contre le gaspillage et à l’économie circulaire [Internet]. Paris: Direction de l’information légale et administrative; 2020 Feb 11 [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.vie-publique.fr/loi/268681-loi-10-fevrier-2020-lutte-contre-le-gaspillage-et-economie-circulaire.French.

Solid waste: reporting, packaging, and plastic food service ware. Senate Bill No. 54. 2022 Jul 1.

Human Rights Action Plan of China (2021-2025) [Internet]. Beijing: China Daily Information Co.; 2021 Sep 10 [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202109/10/WS613a977ba310efa1bd66e813.html.

Bhardwaj N. India’s new Plastic Waste Management Rules effective from July 1, 2022 [Internet]. New Delhi: India Briefing; 2022 Jul 4 [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.india-briefing.com/news/india-new-plastic-waste-management-rules-single-use-plastic-ban-effective-from-july-1-2022-25398.html/.

Malaysia sets a goal to stop using plastic bags by 2025 [Internet]. Shah Alam: Ha Le Bioplastics Co., Ltd.; [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://halebioplastics.com/en/malaysia-sets-a-goal-to-stop-using-plastic-bags-by-2025.

The World Bank. Toward a national single-use plastics roadmap in Vietnam: strategic options for reducing priority single-use plastics. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2022.

Land & waste [Internet]. Sejong-si: Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment, Republic of Korea; [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/index.do?menuId=466.

Parkinson L. UNEA: 175 nations agree to develop plastic pollution treaty [Internet]. Zurich: Food Packaging Forum Foundation; 2022 Mar 4 [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://foodpackagingforum.org/news/unea-175-nations-agree-to-develop-plastic-pollution-treaty.

Fletcher S, Roberts KP, Shiran Y, Virdin J, Brown C, Buzzi E, et al.; International Resource Panel. Policy options to eliminate additional marine plastic litter by 2050 under the G20 Osaka Blue Ocean Vision. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme; 2021.

A circular economy for plastic: publication of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s second “New Plastics Economy Global Commitment” report [Internet]. Aubervilliers: Veolia; 2020 Nov 16 [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.veolia.com/en/news/ellen-macarthur-foundation-new-plastics-economy-global-commitment.