Collaborative Networks in Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0

Luis M. Camarinha-Matos

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.01.009

Engineering ›› :202601009 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2026.01.009

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Collaborative Networks in Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0

Luis M. Camarinha-Matos ^*

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Abstract

Over the past decades, the rise of a networked society has been driven by rapid advancements in information and communication technology, particularly in computer networking. This has enabled unprecedented hyper-connectivity among organizations, individuals, smart machines, and intelligent systems. As a result, new forms of collaboration have emerged, composed of distributed, autonomous, and heterogeneous entities. This evolution led to the establishment of Collaborative Networks (CNs) as a distinct discipline with a socio-technical character. Nowadays CNs play a key role in the ongoing digital transformation across industries and services. Although still a relatively young field, CNs have evolved through several generations over the past decades. As we move toward Industry 5.0, the complexity of interactions among a diverse range of agents continues to intensify. This article provides a brief overview of these trends, highlighting the role of CNs in the materialization of the goals of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0.

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Collaborative Networks / Industry 4.0 / Industry 5.0 / Digital transformation

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Luis M. Camarinha-Matos. Collaborative Networks in Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. Engineering 202601009 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2026.01.009

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