AI Empowers Supply Chain Intelligence: A Three-Chain Four-Intelligence Framework

Zuo-Jun Max Shen; Shaochong Lin

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.01.013

Engineering ›› :202601013 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2026.01.013

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AI Empowers Supply Chain Intelligence: A Three-Chain Four-Intelligence Framework

Zuo-Jun Max Shen ^a^,^*
, Shaochong Lin ^b

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Abstract

This study introduces a novel conceptual framework to understand the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on global supply chains. We propose a Three-Chain Four-Intelligence framework that systematically analyzes how AI reconfigures supply chain architecture and capabilities through enhanced contextual awareness. The Three-Chain perspective examines how AI transforms the logistics chain (physical flow), information chain (data flow), and value chain (value creation) from fragmented operations to synchronized intelligent ecosystems. The Four-Intelligence pathway maps the evolutionary progression from digital connectivity to operational optimization, collaborative ecosystems, and ultimately self-evolving intelligent systems. AI serves as an orchestrating force that processes rich contextual information spanning product attributes, market dynamics, environmental conditions, and operational realities. We demonstrated the practical application of the framework through a comprehensive case study of JD.com, where AI implementation across all dimensions yielded quantifiable improvements. Our analysis reveals that the most transformative supply chain advancements emerge at the intersection of multiple chains with increasingly sophisticated contextual awareness. The paper concludes by identifying six emerging research frontiers, such as generative AI integration with decision optimization.

Keywords

Artificial intelligence / Supply chain intelligence / Machine learning / Intelligent decision-making / Generative AI

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Zuo-Jun Max Shen, Shaochong Lin. AI Empowers Supply Chain Intelligence: A Three-Chain Four-Intelligence Framework. Engineering 202601013 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2026.01.013

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