Towards Greener Skies: A Comprehensive Review on the Combustion Characteristics of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

Xin Hui; Yuhan Jiang; Jie Shi; Xin Xue; Chi Zhang; Chih-Jen Sung

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.013

Engineering ›› :202605013 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.013

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Towards Greener Skies: A Comprehensive Review on the Combustion Characteristics of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

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Abstract

This comprehensive review examines the combustion characteristics and performance of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which have emerged as the most viable near-term solutions for aviation decarbonization. This study systematically analyzes the fundamental physical and combustion properties of various types of SAFs, including atomization, vaporization, ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, oxidation chemistry and intermediate species evolution, and soot formation. Research has demonstrated that while SAFs exhibit global combustion characteristics similar to conventional aviation fuels, their predominantly paraffinic composition leads to the formation of distinct intermediate species and reduced soot formation. This review further investigates SAF performance in aeroengine combustors, revealing that physical properties dominate ignition and lean blowout behavior at low temperatures and pressures, whereas chemical properties become paramount under conditions of efficient vaporization. A significant finding is that SAFs dramatically reduce particulate matter emissions (60%–90%), whereas NO_x and CO emissions remain similar to those of conventional aviation fuels. In addition, the analysis covers extensive ground testing and flight demonstrations of neat (100% unblended) SAFs, which have conclusively demonstrated the technical feasibility and environmental benefits of this fuel, including reduced contrail formation. Despite these advances, regulatory approval, certification processes, and cost-effective production remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. The paper concludes by highlighting future research directions and strategies to accelerate SAF implementation, including a standardized testing infrastructure and the development of optimized synthetic aromatics for improved seal compatibility without compromising environmental benefits. This review provides critical insights for researchers, engine manufacturers, fuel producers, and policymakers working to expedite the transition to sustainable green aviation.

Keywords

Sustainable aviation fuels / Combustion characteristics / Combustor performance / Pollutant emissions / Fuel certification process

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Xin Hui, Yuhan Jiang, Jie Shi, Xin Xue, Chi Zhang, Chih-Jen Sung. Towards Greener Skies: A Comprehensive Review on the Combustion Characteristics of Sustainable Aviation Fuels. Engineering 202605013 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.013

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