Battery Material Demand and End-of-Life Management for Europe’s E-Mobility Transition

Wu Chen; Juan Tan; Rui Zhang; Jakob K. Rasmussen; Jakob L. Karlsson; Xin Ouyang; Qiance Liu; Burak Sen; Jakob K. Keiding; Gang Liu

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.017

Engineering ›› :202605017 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.017

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Battery Material Demand and End-of-Life Management for Europe’s E-Mobility Transition

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^a SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark , Odense 5230, Denmark

^b MOE Social Science Laboratory of Mineral Resources Security Governance, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083, China

^c School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083, China

^d Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083, China

^e Alibaba Group , Hangzhou 310052, China

^f Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 153—8904, Japan

^g College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China

^h SAU Center for Research and Development, and Applied Research (SARGEM), Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University , Sakarya 54050, Turkey

ⁱ Center for Minerals and Materials, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland , 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark

^j Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China

^*Email address:gangliu@pku.edu.cn (G. Liu)

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Wu Chen, Juan Tan, Rui Zhang, Jakob K. Rasmussen, Jakob L. Karlsson, Xin Ouyang, Qiance Liu, Burak Sen, Jakob K. Keiding, Gang Liu. Battery Material Demand and End-of-Life Management for Europe’s E-Mobility Transition. Engineering 202605017 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.017

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