Gut Microbiota–Host Crosstalk: Decoding Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

Meimei Zhang; Zhi Chen; Xuan Zhao; Shaojuan Liu; Peixin Jiao; Yan Guo; Chuanlong Wang; Hangchao Zhang; Rui Chen; Ying Li; Wenkai Ren

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.06.005

Engineering ›› :202606005 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2026.06.005

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Gut Microbiota–Host Crosstalk: Decoding Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

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Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is crucial component of the host organism, contributing to immune defense, metabolic processes, and the pathogenesis of diseases. Gut microbiota influences the host physiological and metabolic functions via diverse pathways, including the regulatory effects of microbial metabolites, the signaling roles of microbial structural components, and the modulation of host cell metabolism via secreted extracellular vesicles and non-nutritive metabolites. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins, impact host health by regulating metabolic pathways, modulating the immune system, and influencing the neuroendocrine network. Gut microbiota structural components, including flagellin, peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides, activate host pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2, triggering inflammatory response and regulating the onset of diseases. Furthermore, the gut microbiota secretes microextracellular vesicles and non-nutritive metabolites to directly regulate signal transduction and metabolic homeostasis. This review explores these mechanisms in detail and assesses the potential therapeutic applications with gut microbiota in regulating host health, providing a theoretical basis for future interventions.

Keywords

Gut microbiota / Inflammation / Microbial metabolites / Bacterial structure / Microextracellular vesicles

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Meimei Zhang, Zhi Chen, Xuan Zhao, Shaojuan Liu, Peixin Jiao, Yan Guo, Chuanlong Wang, Hangchao Zhang, Rui Chen, Ying Li, Wenkai Ren. Gut Microbiota–Host Crosstalk: Decoding Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Engineering 202606005 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2026.06.005

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