Fu S, Lan Y, Wang G, Bao D, Qin B, Zheng Q, et al. External stimulation: a potential therapeutic strategy for tendon—bone healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1150290.

Shen S, Lin Y, Sun J, Liu Y, Chen Y, Lu J . A new tissue engineering strategy to promote tendon—bone healing: regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of tendon—derived stem cells. Orthop Surg 2024; 16(10):2311-25.

Zhu Y, Yan J, Zhang H, Cui G . Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell—derived exosomes: a novel therapeutic agent for tendon—bone healing (review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52(6):113.

Woo SL, Debski RE, Zeminski J, Abramowitch SD, Chan Saw MSS, Fenwick JA . Injury and repair of ligaments and tendons. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2000; 2:83-118.

Sun Z, Cheng X, Wang Z, Qiao C, Qian H, Yuan T, et al. Single—nucleus transcriptomics reveals subsets of degenerative myonuclei after rotator cuff tear—induced muscle atrophy. Cell Prolif 2025; 58(3):e13763.

Hegedus EJ, Cook C, Brennan M, Wyland D, Garrison JC, Driesner D . Vascularity and tendon pathology in the rotator cuff: a review of literature and implications for rehabilitation and surgery. Br J Sports Med 2010; 44(12):838-47.

Sripathi P, Agrawal DK . Rotator cuff injury: pathogenesis, biomechanics, and repair. J Orthop Sports Med 2024; 6(4):231-48.

Zhao X, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhang C, Wang J . Opportunities and challenges of hydrogel microspheres for tendon—bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110(2):289-301.

Durtschi MS, Kim S, Li J, Kim C, Chu C, Cheung E, et al. Optimizing tissue engineering for clinical relevance in rotator cuff repair. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2024; 30(5):559-69.

Sun S, Chen M, Zhang T, Wang Y, Shen W, Zhang T, et al. Identification of key factors in cartilage tissue during the progression of osteoarthritis using a non—targeted metabolomics strategy. Phenomics 2024; 4(3):227-33.

Rendek Z, Bon Beckman L, Schepull T, Dånmark I, Aspenberg P, Schilcher J, et al. Early tensile loading in nonsurgically treated Achilles tendon ruptures leads to a larger tendon callus and a lower elastic modulus: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50(12):3286-98.

Diniz P, Pacheco J, Guerra—Pinto F, Pereira H, Ferreira FC, Kerkhoffs G . Achilles tendon elongation after acute rupture: is it a problem? A systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28(12):4011—30.

Zellers JA, Pohlig RT, Cortes DH, Grävare Silbernagel K . Achilles tendon cross—sectional area at 12 weeks post—rupture relates to 1—year heel—rise height. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28(1):245-52.

Eliasson P, Agergaard AS, Couppé C, Svensson R, Hoeffner R, Warming S, et al. The ruptured Achilles tendon elongates for 6 months after surgical repair regardless of early or late weightbearing in combination with ankle mobilization: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46(10):2492-502.

Vutescu ES, Orman S, Garcia—Lopez E, Lau J, Gage A, Cruz AI . Psychological and social components of recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in young athletes: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(17):9267.

Valtanen RS, Yang YP, Gurtner GC, Maloney WJ, Lowenberg DW . Synthetic and Bone tissue engineering graft substitutes: what is the future? Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 2:S72-7.

Lorbach O, Baums MH, Kostuj T, Pauly S, Scheibel M, Carr A, et al. Advances in biology and mechanics of rotator cuff repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23(2):530—41.

Xi Z, Xu N, Zhou X, Chen P, He Y, Wan R, et al. Investigation of the effects of Si—A/PUE@HA hydrogels on the osteochondral defect microenvironment based on single—cell RNA sequencing. J Nanobiotechnology 2025; 23(1):680.

Diomede F, Marconi GD, Fonticoli L, Pizzicanella J, Merciaro I, Bramanti P, et al. Functional relationship between osteogenesis and angiogenesis in tissue regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(9):3242.

Hankenson KD, Dishowitz M, Gray C, Schenker M . Angiogenesis in bone regeneration. Injury 2011; 42(6):556-561.

Rashidi S, Bagherpour G, Abbasi—Malati Z, Khosrowshahi ND, Chegeni SA, Roozbahani G, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells for fabrication of engineered vascular units and angiogenesis induction. Cell Prolif 2024; 57(9):e13716.

Min HK, Oh SH, Lee JM, Im GI, Lee JH . Porous membrane with reverse gradients of PDGF—BB and BMP—2 for tendon—to—bone repair: in vitro evaluation on adipose—derived stem cell differentiation. Acta Biomater 2014; 10(3):1272-9.

Kim JH, Oh SH, Min HK, Lee JH . Dual growth factor—immobilized asymmetrically porous membrane for bone—to—tendon interface regeneration on rat patellar tendon avulsion model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106(1):115-25.

Yoon JP, Kim HM, Choi JH, Kang HR, Kim DH, Choi YS, et al. Effect of a porous suture containing transforming growth factor beta 1 on healing after rotator cuff repair in a rat model. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49(11):3050—8.

Han F, Li T, Li M, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhu Y, et al. Nano—calcium silicate mineralized fish scale scaffolds for enhancing tendon—bone healing. Bioact Mater 2022; 20:29-40.

Kuang GM, Yau WP, Lu WW, Chiu KY . Use of a strontium—enriched calcium phosphate cement in accelerating the healing of soft—tissue tendon graft within the bone tunnel in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Bone Joint J 2013; 95—B(7):923-8.

Yang F, Yang D, Tu J, Zheng Q, Cai L, Wang L . Strontium enhances osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and in vivo bone formation by activating Wnt/catenin signaling. Stem Cells 2011; 29(6):981—91.

Li J, Wu G, Xu C, Cai Z, Ji J, Yu Z, et al. Slit guidance ligand 3 (SLIT3) loaded in hydrogel microparticles enhances the tendon—bone healing through promotion of type—H vessel formation: an experimental study in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24(17):13638.

Xiang L, Deng H, Zhou S . Effects of TNF—α on behaviour and inflammation in rats with rotator cuff injury through NGF. Discov Med 2024; 36(185):1241—9.

Zhang Z, Bao L, Qian C, Furtato M, Li H, Guo S, et al. The high—strength and toughness Janus bionic periosteum matching bone development and growth in children. Composites Part B Eng 2023; 256:110642.

Shen X, Zhang Z, Cheng C, Liu C, Ma N, Sun D, et al. Bone regeneration and antibacterial properties of calcium—phosphorus coatings induced by gentamicin—loaded polydopamine on magnesium alloys. Biomed Technol 2024; 5:87-101.

Wang N, Chen J, Chen Y, Chen L, Bao L, Huang Z, et al. Kneadable dough—type hydrogel transforming from dynamic to rigid network to repair irregular bone defects. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:430-44.

Cai P, Ding Y, Wang C, Wu J, Hart ML, Rolauffs B, et al. Advancing biomimetic bone scaffolds: from electrospun 2D membranes to functional 3D nanofiber constructs. Biomed Technol 2025; 11:100099.

Patel PA, Nassar SI, Nguyen SA, Lee BJ, Kejner AE . The use of bone morphogenic protein and related therapies in the management of medication—related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a scoping review. Plast Aesthet Res 2025; 12(1):13.

Calejo I, Costa—Almeida R, Reis RL, Gomes ME . Enthesis tissue engineering: biological requirements meet at the interface. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2019; 25(4):330-56.

Zeng Y, Hoque J, Varghese S . Biomaterial—assisted local and systemic delivery of bioactive agents for bone repair. Acta Biomater 2019; 93:152-68.

Andia I, Abate M . Platelet—rich plasma: underlying biology and clinical correlates. Regen Med 2013; 8(5):645—58.

Arif M, Zhang J, Xu R, Yu C, Majid M, Guimarães CF, et al. Soft bio—electroactive hydrogels for musculoskeletal tissue repair and rehabilitation. Adv Healthc Mater 2025; 14(25):e2502497.

He Y, Luo Z, Nie X, Du Y, Sun R, Sun J, et al. An injectable multi—functional composite bioactive hydrogel for bone regeneration via immunoregulatory and osteogenesis effects. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 2025; 8(1):128.

Tian B, Zhang M, Kang X . Strategies to promote tendon—bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: present and future. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1104214.

Jiang F, Zhao H, Zhang P, Bi Y, Zhang H, Sun S, et al. Challenges in tendon—bone healing: emphasizing inflammatory modulation mechanisms and treatment. Front Endocrinol 2024; 15:1485876.

Bascuñán AL, Biedrzycki A, Banks SA, Lewis DD, Kim SE . Large animal models for anterior cruciate ligament research. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:292.

Hoemann CD, Lafantaisie—Favreau CH, Lascau—Coman V, Chen G, Guzmán—Morales J . The cartilage—bone interface. J Knee Surg 2012; 25(2):85-97.

Wu Y, Wang X, Zhao D, Lin R, Zhang X, Lin X . Tendon—bone healing: synergistic role of platelets and mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2026; 32(3):191-201.

Li W, Wang X, Mao R, Li D, Meng H, Zhang R, et al. A tough soft—hard interface in the human knee joint driven by multiscale toughening mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2025; 122(4):e2416085122.

Gao H, Wang L, Jin H, Lin Z, Li Z, Kang Y, et al. Regulating macrophages through immunomodulatory biomaterials is a promising strategy for promoting tendon—bone healing. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13(4):243.

Xie X, Wang Y, Li Z, Yang G, Cheng G, Qin S, et al. Recent advances in gradient biomimetic scaffolds for tendon—bone interface regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2025; 13:1629816.

Zelzer E, Blitz E, Killian ML, Thomopoulos S . Tendon—to—bone attachment: from development to maturity. Birth Defects Res C 2014; 102(1):101—12.

Chow LW, Fischer JF . Creating biomaterials with spatially organized functionality. Exp Biol Med 2016; 241(10):1025-32.

Qwamizadeh M, Liu P, Zhang Z, Zhou K, Zhang Y . Hierarchical structure enhances and tunes the damping behavior of load—bearing biological materials. J Appl Mech 2016; 83(5):051009.

Burgkart R . Tendon—bone interface—nature’s solution for a hard—soft—interface. Ann Anat 2026; 265:152769.

Saran U, Gemini Piperni S, Chatterjee S . Role of angiogenesis in bone repair. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:109-17.

Zou M, Wang J, Shao Z . Therapeutic potential of exosomes in tendon and tendon—bone healing: a systematic review of preclinical studies. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14(6):299.

Li ZJ, Yang QQ, Zhou YL . Biological and mechanical factors and epigenetic regulation involved in tendon healing. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:4387630.

Thomopoulos S, Parks WC, Rifkin DB, Derwin KA . Mechanisms of tendon injury and repair. J Orthop Res 2015; 33(6):832-9.

Jin R, Yang G, Li G . Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: role of inflammatory cells. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87(5):779-89.

Yuan Z, Yao S, Yao X, Zhou C, Li J, Fan C . The IL—1β/NETs/AIM2 axis participates in the formation of trauma—induced heterotopic ossification by orchestrating crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages. J Adv Res 2026; 82:213-29.

Vannella KM, Wynn TA . Mechanisms of organ injury and repair by macrophages. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:593-617.

Pajarinen J, Lin T, Gibon E, Kohno Y, Maruyama M, Nathan K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell—macrophage crosstalk and bone healing. Biomaterials 2019; 196:80-9.

Sindrilaru A, Scharffetter—Kochanek K . Disclosure of the culprits: macrophages—versatile regulators of wound healing. Adv Wound Care 2013; 2(7):357-68.

Mantovani A, Biswas SK, Galdiero MR, Sica A, Locati M . Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling. J Pathol 2013; 229(2):176-85.

Wang J, Lu Y, Zhang R, Cai Z, Fan Z, Xu Y, et al. Modulating and imaging macrophage reprogramming for cancer immunotherapy. Phenomics 2024;4(4):401—14.

Ni D, Zhou H, Wang P, Xu F, Li C . Visualizing macrophage phenotypes and polarization in diseases: from biomarkers to molecular probes. Phenomics 2023; 3(6):613—38.

Eming SA, Wynn TA, Martin P . Inflammation and metabolism in tissue repair and regeneration. Science 2017; 356(6342):1026—30.

Cañedo—Dorantes L, Cañedo—Ayala M . Skin acute wound healing: a comprehensive review. Int J Inflam 2019; 2019:3706315.

Lai WC, Iglesias BC, Mark BJ, Wang D . Low—intensity pulsed ultrasound augments tendon, ligament, and bone—soft tissue healing in preclinical animal models: a systematic review. Arthroscopy 2021; 37(7):2318-33.e3.

Zhou T, Chen Y, Wang C, Huang Z, Tan Z, Ma Y . SIRT6 inhibits the proliferation and collagen synthesis of keloid fibroblasts through MAPK/ERK pathway. Discov Med 2024; 36(186):1430—40.

Qin S, Wang W, Liu Z, Hua X, Fu S, Dong F, et al. Fibrochondrogenic differentiation potential of tendon—derived stem/progenitor cells from human patellar tendon. J Orthop Translat 2019; 22:101—8.

Wang W, Qin S, He P, Mao W, Chen L, Hua X, et al. Type II collagen sponges facilitate tendon stem/progenitor cells to adopt more chondrogenic phenotypes and promote the regeneration of fibrocartilage—like tissues in a rabbit partial patellectomy model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682719.

Kawamura S, Ying L, Kim HJ, Dynybil C, Rodeo SA . Macrophages accumulate in the early phase of tendon—bone healing. J Orthop Res 2005; 23(6):1425—32.

Provenzano PP, Alejandro—Osorio AL, Valhmu WB, Jensen KT, Vanderby R . Intrinsic fibroblast—mediated remodeling of damaged collagenous matrices in vivo . Matrix Biol 2005; 23(8):543-55.

Li Y, Wang W, Xu W . Mechanisms and new advances in the efficacy of plant active ingredients in tendon—bone healing. J Orthop Surg Res 2025; 20(1):106.

Cheng P, Weng Z, Hamushan M, Cai W, Zhang Y, Ren Z, et al. High—purity magnesium screws modulate macrophage polarization during the tendon—bone healing process in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rabbit model. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac067.

Wang B, Hou Y, Shang X, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Li Z, et al. Multifunctional hydrogel promotes rotator cuff healing through anti—inflammation and vascularization. Mater Today Bio 2025; 33:102016.

He Y, Sheng J, Liu F, Li F, Lu S, Chen W, et al. SHED—derived exosome—mimetics promotes rotator cuff tendon—bone healing via macrophage immunomodulation through NF—κB suppression and autophagy activation. Mater Today Bio 2025; 34:102146.

Huang M, Li W, Sun Y, Dong J, Li C, Jia H, et al. Janus piezoelectric adhesives regulate macrophage TRPV1/Ca²⁺/cAMP axis to stimulate tendon—to—bone healing by multi—omics analysis. Bioact Mater 2025; 50:134-51.

Tarafder S, Brito JA, Minhas S, Effiong L, Thomopoulos S, Lee CH . In situ tissue engineering of the tendon—to—bone interface by endogenous stem/progenitor cells. Biofabrication 2019; 12(1):015008.

Yuan M, Dai X, Yang Y, Liu S, Xu Z, Wang L, et al. An injectable BMP—2—releasing porous hydrogel regulating the paracrine effects of ADSCs promotes tendon—to—bone healing in rotator cuff repair. Adv Sci 2025; 12(35):e15923.

Zhang Q, Wen H, Liao G, Cai X . Tendon stem cells seeded on dynamic chondroitin sulfate and chitosan hydrogel scaffold with BMP2 enhance tendon—to—bone healing. Heliyon 2024; 10(4):e25206.

Zhu C, Pongkitwitoon S, Qiu J, Thomopoulos S, Xia Y . Design and fabrication of a hierarchically structured scaffold for tendon—to—bone repair. Adv Mater 2018; 30(16):e1707306.

Xu B, Wang Y, He G, Tao X, Gao S, Zhou M, et al. An aligned—to—random PLGA/Col1—PLGA/nHA bilayer electrospun nanofiber membrane enhances tendon—to—bone healing in a murine model. Am J Sports Med 2025; 53(4):885-99.

Honda H, Gotoh M, Kanazawa T, Ohzono H, Nakamura H, Ohta K, et al. Hyaluronic acid accelerates tendon—to—bone healing after rotator cuff repair. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45(14):3322—30.

Chisari E, Rehak L, Khan WS, Maffulli N . The role of the immune system in tendon healing: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 2020; 133(1):49-64.

Schilrreff P, Alexiev U . Chronic inflammation in non—healing skin wounds and promising natural bioactive compounds treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23(9):4928.

Xue Y, Riva N, Zhao L, Shieh JS, Chin YT, Gatt A, et al. Recent advances of exosomes in soft tissue injuries in sports medicine: a critical review on biological and biomaterial applications. J Control Release 2023; 364:90-108.

Batool F, Özçelik H, Stutz C, Gegout PY, Benkirane—Jessel N, Petit C, et al. Modulation of immune—inflammatory responses through surface modifications of biomaterials to promote bone healing and regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211041428.

Zhang Z, Bi X, Xu J, Yang Y, Dun Z, Wang Y, et al. In—situ biomimetic mineralisation of dual cross—linked silk fibroin/carboxymethyl chitosan scaffolds for bone regeneration. Biomed Mater 2025; 20(6):065013.

Wazen RM, Currey JA, Guo H, Brunski JB, Helms JA, Nanci A . Micromotion—induced strain fields influence early stages of repair at bone—implant interfaces. Acta Biomater 2013; 9(5):6663-74.

Huang Y, Hoppe ED, Kurtaliaj I, Birman V, Thomopoulos S, Genin GM . Effects of tendon viscoelasticity on the distribution of forces across sutures in a model tendon—to—bone repair. Int J Solids Struct 2022; 250:111725.

Khanarian NT, Boushell MK, Spalazzi JP, Pleshko N, Boskey AL, Lu HH . FTIR—I compositional mapping of the cartilage—to—bone interface as a function of tissue region and age. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29(12):2643-52.

Song L, Li N, Chen J . Research advances in mesenchymal stem cells and related therapies for rotator cuff tendon—to—bone healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2025; 13:1647909.

Baawad A, Jacho D, Hamil T, Yildirim—Ayan E, Kim DS . Polysaccharide—based composite scaffolds for osteochondral and enthesis regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2023; 29(2):123—40.

Xu M, Zhu M, Qin Q, Xing X, Archer M, Ramesh S, et al. Neuronal regulation of bone and tendon injury repair: a focused review. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39(8):1045—60.

Rosmorduc O, Housset C . Hypoxia: a link between fibrogenesis, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2010; 30(3):258-70.

Korntner S, Lehner C, Gehwolf R, Wagner A, Grütz M, Kunkel N, et al. Limiting angiogenesis to modulate scar formation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:170-89.

Krock BL, Skuli N, Simon MC . Hypoxia—induced angiogenesis: good and evil. Genes Cancer 2011; 2(12):1117-33.

Liu X, Zhu B, Li Y, Liu X, Guo S, Wang C, et al. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in tendon healing. Front Physiol 2021; 12:766080.

Thomopoulos S, Genin GM, Galatz LM . The development and morphogenesis of the tendon—to—bone insertion—what development can teach us about healing. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2010; 10(1):35-45.

Ackermann PW, Franklin SL, Dean BJ, Carr AJ, Salo PT, Hart DA . Neuronal pathways in tendon healing and tendinopathy—update. Front Biosci 2014; 19(8):1251-78.

Spiller KL, Nassiri S, Witherel CE, Anfang RR, Ng J, Nakazawa KR, et al. Sequential delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines to facilitate the M1—to—M2 transition of macrophages and enhance vascularization of bone scaffolds. Biomaterials 2015; 37:194-207.

Chen Y, Hong S, Wang Z, Hong X, Chen G, Huang Y, et al. Overexpression of HIF2α enhances the angiogenesis—promoting effect of hUC—MSC—derived extracellular vesicles by stimulating miR—146a. Protein Pept Lett 2025; 32(1):62-74.

Scully D, Naseem KM, Matsakas A . Platelet biology in regenerative medicine of skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol 2018; 223(3):e13071.

Griffith M, Islam MM, Edin J, Papapavlou G, Buznyk O, Patra HK . The quest for anti—inflammatory and anti—infective biomaterials in clinical translation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:71.

Wang W, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Cui D, Hou K, Ren S, et al. Macrophage polarisation under immune regulation as a therapeutic target for tendon—bone healing: multifactorial regulation and mechanistic insights. Front Immunol 2026; 17:1737444.

Zippel N, Schulze M, Tobiasch E . Biomaterials and mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2010; 4(1):1-22.

Wang Y, Shim MS, Levinson NS, Sung HW, Xia Y . Stimuli—responsive materials for controlled release of theranostic agents. Adv Funct Mater 2014; 24(27):4206-20.

Xue C, Chen L, Wang N, Chen H, Xu W, Xi Z, et al. Stimuli—responsive hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Biomater Transl 2024; 5(3):257-73.

Luzzi AJ, Ferrer X, Fang F, Golman M, Song L, Marshall BP, et al. Hedgehog activation for enhanced rotator cuff tendon—to—bone healing. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51(14):3825-34.

Song F, Jiang D, Wang T, Wang Y, Chen F, Xu G, et al. Mechanical loading improves tendon—bone healing in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model by promoting proliferation and matrix formation of mesenchymal stem cells and tendon cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41(3):875-89.

Fang WH, Agrawal DK, Thankam FG . “Smart exosomes”: a smart approach for tendon regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2022; 28(3):613—25.

Li FQ, Chen WB, Luo ZW, Chen YS, Sun YY, Su XP, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell—derived exosomal microRNAs target PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to promote the activation of fibroblasts. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15(4):248-67.

Frumento D, Ţălu T . Advanced coating strategies for immunomodulatory biomaterials for reconstructive osteogenesis: mitigating foreign body reaction and promoting tissue regeneration. Coatings 2025; 15(9):1026.

Kim EH, Wahl K, Guelfi E, Lee D . Engineering the physical characteristics of biomaterials for innate immune—mediated cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2025; 378:814—30.

Bacakova L, Filova E, Parizek M, Ruml T, Svorcik V . Modulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on materials designed for body implants. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29(6):739-67.

Katoh K. Integrin and its associated proteins as a mediator for mechano—signal transduction. Biomolecules 2025; 15(2):166.

Yan R, Li Y, Chen S, Zhu L, Zhou C, Chen J, et al. Mechanotransduction in shaping immunity: pathways, crosstalk, and pathophysiological relevance. Adv Sci 2025; 12(41):e12164.

Du H, Bartleson JM, Butenko S, Alonso V, Liu WF, Winer DA, et al. Tuning immunity through tissue mechanotransduction. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23(3):174-88.

Meli VS, Veerasubramanian PK, Downing TL, Wang W, Liu WF . Mechanosensation to inflammation: roles for YAP/TAZ in innate immune cells. Sci Signal 2023; 16(783):eadc9656.

Du L, Wu J, Han Y, Wu C . Immunomodulatory multicellular scaffolds for tendon—to—bone regeneration. Sci Adv 2024;10(10):eadk6610.

Camarero—Espinosa S, Carlos—Oliveira M, Liu H, Mano JF, Bouvy N, Moroni L . 3D printed dual—porosity scaffolds: the combined effect of stiffness and porosity in the modulation of macrophage polarization. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11(1):e2101415.

Xiong Y, Jiang G, Li M, Qing G, Li X, Liang X, et al. Sialic acid—responsive polymeric interface material: from molecular recognition to macroscopic property switching. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40913.

Szentivanyi A, Chakradeo T, Zernetsch H, Glasmacher B . Electrospun cellular microenvironments: understanding controlled release and scaffold structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63(4—5):209-20.

Markatos DN, Sarakinis A, Mavrilas D . Tuning fiber alignment to achieve mechanical anisotropy on polymeric electrospun scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Eng 2018; 7(4):466.

Ko E, Alberti K, Lee JS, Yang K, Jin Y, Shin J, et al. Nanostructured tendon—derived scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration by human adipose—derived stem cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8(35):22819—29.

Zhang H, Zhou L, Zhang W . Control of scaffold degradation in tissue engineering: a review. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2014; 20(5):492-502.

Chen QZ, Quinn JMW, Thouas GA, Zhou X, Komesaroff PA . Bone‐like elastomer‐toughened scaffolds with degradability kinetics matching healing rates of injured bone. Adv Eng Mater 2010; 12(11):B642—8.

Zhang M, Zhen J, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhang L, Hao D, et al. Effect of autologous platelet—rich plasma and gelatin sponge for tendon—to—bone healing after rabbit anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2019; 35(5):1486-97.

Kim JK, Shin YJ, Ha LJ, Kim DH, Kim DH . Unraveling the mechanobiology of the immune system. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8(4):e1801332.

Chen Z, Li M, Chen P, Tai A, Li J, Bassonga EL, et al. Mechanical overload—induced release of extracellular mitochondrial particles from tendon cells leads to inflammation in tendinopathy. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56(3):583-99.

Liu H, Zhou H, Fan Y, Li J, Guo Z, Xu Q, et al. Macrophages regulate angiogenesis—osteogenesis coupling induced by mechanical loading through the Piezo1 pathway. J Bone Miner Res 2025; 40(6):725—37.

Eliasson P, Andersson T, Aspenberg P . Achilles tendon healing in rats is improved by intermittent mechanical loading during the inflammatory phase. J Orthop Res 2012; 30(2):274-9.

Luo Z, Wan R, Qiu J, Chen C, Chen Y, Zhao Z, et al. Multi—omics profiling of a self—assembling bioactive hydrogel for immunomodulation and myogenesis in volumetric muscle loss. Chem 2025; 11(8):102645.

Killian ML . Growth and mechanobiology of the tendon—bone enthesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:64-73.

Yang Z, Gordon D, Chen Y, Li H, Wu Y, Meng Z . Understanding the effects of mineralization and structure on the mechanical properties of tendon—bone insertion using mesoscale computational modeling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 160:106735.

Zhong S, Lan Y, Liu J, Seng Tam M, Hou Z, Zheng Q, et al. Advances focusing on the application of decellularization methods in tendon—bone healing. J Adv Res 2025; 67:361-72.

Zhou Y, Liu K, Zhang H . Biomimetic mineralization: from microscopic to macroscopic materials and their biomedical applications. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6(9):3516—31.

Kersey AL, Cheng DY, Deo KA, Dubell CR, Wang TC, Jaiswal AK, et al. Stiffness assisted cell—matrix remodeling trigger 3D mechanotransduction regulatory programs. Biomaterials 2024; 306:122473.

Schwartz AG, Pasteris JD, Genin GM, Daulton TL, Thomopoulos S . Mineral distributions at the developing tendon enthesis. PLoS One 2012; 7(11):e48630.

Mohan N, Dormer NH, Caldwell KL, Key VH, Berkland CJ, Detamore MS . Continuous gradients of material composition and growth factors for effective regeneration of the osteochondral interface. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17(21—22):2845-55.

Qiu J, Ahn J, Qin D, Thomopoulos S, Xia Y . Biomimetic scaffolds with a mineral gradient and funnel—shaped channels for spatially controllable osteogenesis. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11(9):e2100828.

Elder B, Neupane R, Tokita E, Ghosh U, Hales S, Kong YL . Nanomaterial patterning in 3D printing. Adv Mater 2020; 32(17):e1907142.

Szczęsny G, Kopec M, Politis DJ, Kowalewski ZL, Łazarski A, Szolc T . A review on biomaterials for orthopaedic surgery and traumatology: from past to present. Materials 2022; 15(10):3622.

Rizwan M, Chan SW, Comeau PA, Willett TL, Yim EKF . Effect of sterilization treatment on mechanical properties, biodegradation, bioactivity and printability of GelMA hydrogels. Biomed Mater 2020; 15(6):065017.

Op't Veld RC, Eerden M, Wagener FADTG, Kouwer PHJ, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF . Polyisocyanopeptide hydrogels are effectively sterilized using supercritical carbon dioxide. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26(2):132—41.

Lleixà Calvet J, Grafahrend D, Klee D, Möller M . Sterilization effects on starPEG coated polymer surfaces: characterization and cell viability. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19(4):1631—6.

Zhou Y, Ma Y, Samad A, Wang Z, Gu Z, Shi J, et al. Effects of irradiation sterilization on the physicochemical and functional properties of commercial biomedical hydrogels. Biomater Sci 2025; 13(22):6270-84.

Luong PT, Browning MB, Bixler RS, Cosgriff—Hernandez E . Drying and storage effects on poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel mechanical properties and bioactivity. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 102(9):3066-76.

Li X, Li X, Yang J, Lin J, Zhu Y, Xu X, et al. Living and injectable porous hydrogel microsphere with paracrine activity for cartilage regeneration. Small 2023; 19(17):e2207211.

Andia I, Perez—Valle A, Del Amo C, Maffulli N . Freeze—drying of platelet—rich plasma: the quest for standardization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(18):6904.

Wei Z, Liu L, Yang J, Dunn CB, Zhang T, Hong FF, et al. Ethanol—mediated freeze—drying enables robust bacterial cellulose aerogels for enhanced drug loading and hemostasis dressing. Carbohydr Polym 2025; 368(Pt 1):124091.

Feng X, Luo Z, Shi H, Chen S, Chen C, Chen P, et al. Advances in artificial ligament biomaterials for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: material innovation, surface modification, and novel adjuvant methods. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 2025; 8(4):282.

Zhang L, Luo Z, Chen H, Wu X, Zhao Y . Glycyrrhizic acid hydrogel microparticles encapsulated with mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for wound healing. Research 2024; 7:0496.

Charoenviriyakul C, Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y . Preservation of exosomes at room temperature using lyophilization. Int J Pharm 2018; 553(1—2):1-7.

Görgens A, Corso G, Hagey DW, Jawad Wiklander R, Gustafsson MO, Felldin U, et al. Identification of storage conditions stabilizing extracellular vesicles preparations. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11(6):e12238.

Yuan F, Li YM, Wang Z . Preserving extracellular vesicles for biomedical applications: consideration of storage stability before and after isolation. Drug Deliv 2021; 28(1):1501-9.

Bosch S, de Beaurepaire L, Allard M, Mosser M, Heichette C, Chrétien D, et al. Trehalose prevents aggregation of exosomes and cryodamage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36162.

Park SH, Choi YJ, Moon SW, Lee BH, Shim JH, Cho DW, et al. Three—dimensional bio—printed scaffold sleeves with mesenchymal stem cells for enhancement of tendon—to—bone healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using soft—tissue tendon graft. Arthroscopy 2018; 34(1):166-79.

Kim W, Kwon DR, Lee H, Lee J, Moon YS, Lee SC, et al. 3D bioprinted multi—layered cell constructs with gradient core—shell interface for tendon—to—bone tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater 2025; 43:471-90.

Đorđević S, Gonzalez MM, Conejos—Sánchez I, Carreira B, Pozzi S, Acúrcio RC, et al. Current hurdles to the translation of nanomedicines from bench to the clinic. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12(3):500—25.

Fong EL, Watson BM, Kasper FK, Mikos AG . Building bridges: leveraging interdisciplinary collaborations in the development of biomaterials to meet clinical needs. Adv Mater 2012; 24(36):4995-5013.

Vulic K, Shoichet MS . Affinity—based drug delivery systems for tissue repair and regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15(11):3867-80.

Oliva N, Unterman S, Zhang Y, Conde J, Song HS, Artzi N . Personalizing biomaterials for precision nanomedicine considering the local tissue microenvironment. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4(11):1584-99.

Antmen E, Vrana NE, Hasirci V . The role of biomaterials and scaffolds in immune responses in regenerative medicine: macrophage phenotype modulation by biomaterial properties and scaffold architectures. Biomater Sci 2021; 9(24):8090-110.

Fred MJ . The role of the immune system in tissue repair and regeneration: a comprehensive review. Newport Int J Public Health Pharm 2024; 5(3):1-6.

Bachhuka A, Madathiparambil Visalakshan R, Law CS, Santos A, Ebendorff—Heidepriem H, Karnati S, et al. Modulation of macrophages differentiation by nanoscale—engineered geometric and chemical features. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2020;3(3):1496-505.

Zhang J, Rong Y, Luo C, Cui W . Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell—derived exosomes prevent osteoarthritis by regulating synovial macrophage polarization. Aging 2020; 12(24):25138—52.

Zhu Y, Ma Z, Kong L, He Y, Chan HF, Li H . Modulation of macrophages by bioactive glass/sodium alginate hydrogel is crucial in skin regeneration enhancement. Biomaterials 2020; 256:120216.

Kuan CH, Chang L, Ho CY, Tsai CH, Liu YC, Huang WY, et al. Immunomodulatory hydrogel orchestrates pro—regenerative response of macrophages and angiogenesis for chronic wound healing. Biomaterials 2025; 314:122848.

Yi Y, Yang Z, Zhou C, Yang Y, Wu Y, Zhang Q . Quercetin—encapsulated GelMa hydrogel microneedle reduces oxidative stress and facilitates wound healing. Nano TransMed 2024; 3:100030.

Zhi ZY, Wang PC . The mitochondrial targeting drug SkQ1 attenuates the progression of post—traumatic osteoarthritis through suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2024; 17:e18761429383749.

Wang H, Xu X, Chen R, Zhao J, Cui L, Sheng G, et al. Bioinspired antioxidant defense system constructed by antioxidants—eluting electrospun F127—based fibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9(44):38313—22.

Rahmanian R, Shayesteh Moghaddam N, Haberland C, Dean D, Miller M, Elahinia M . Load bearing and stiffness tailored NiTi implants produced by additive manufacturing: a simulation study. SPIE Proceedings 2014; 9058:905814.

Maeda E, Kawamura R, Suzuki T, Matsumoto T . Rapid fabrication of tendon—like collagen gel via simultaneous fibre alignment and intermolecular cross—linking under mechanical loading. Biomed Mater 2022; 17(4):045018.

Xie J, Li X, Lipner J, Manning CN, Schwartz AG, Thomopoulos S, et al. “Aligned—to—random” nanofiber scaffolds for mimicking the structure of the tendon—to—bone insertion site. Nanoscale 2010; 2(6):923—6.

Baker BM, Shah RP, Silverstein AM, Esterhai JL, Burdick JA, Mauck RL . Sacrificial nanofibrous composites provide instruction without impediment and enable functional tissue formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(35):14176-81.

Isenberg BC, Backman DE, Kinahan ME, Jesudason R, Suki B, Stone PJ, et al. Micropatterned cell sheets with defined cell and extracellular matrix orientation exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties. J Biomech 2012; 45(5):756-61.

Anand K, Sharma R, Sharma N . Recent advancements in natural polymers—based self—healing nano—materials for wound dressing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112(6):e35435.

Yu M, Luo D, Qiao J, Guo J, He D, Jin S, et al. A hierarchical bilayer architecture for complex tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater 2022; 10:93-106.

Mosher CZ, Spalazzi JP, Lu HH . Stratified scaffold design for engineering composite tissues. Methods 2015; 84:99-102.

Peng Z, Feng X, Tan J, Song C, Song L, Wu Y, et al. Artificial ligaments in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: coating strategies for PET—based materials. J Orthop Translat 2025; 55:22-37.

Chen Y, Hao M, Bousso I, Thomopoulos S, Xia Y . Reliable fabrication of mineral—graded scaffolds by spin—coating and laser machining for use in tendon—to—bone insertion repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13(31):e2402531.

Ros—Tárraga P, Mazón P, Rodríguez MA, Meseguer—Olmo L, de Aza PN . Novel resorbable and osteoconductive calcium silicophosphate scaffold induced bone formation. Materials 2016;9(9):785.

Chen P, Li L, Dong L, Wang S, Huang Z, Qian Y, et al. Gradient biomineralized silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold with osteochondral inductivity for integration of tendon to bone. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7(3):841-51.

Armitage OE, Oyen ML . Hard—soft tissue interface engineering. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 881:187-204.

Claaßen C, Sewald L, Tovar GEM, Borchers K . Controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor from heparin—functionalized gelatin type A and albumin hydrogels. Gels 2017; 3(4):35.

Huang Y, Pan M, Shu H, He B, Zhang F, Sun L . Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances tendon—bone healing by activating Yes—associated protein for angiogenesis induction and rotator cuff reconstruction in rats. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121(3):2343-53.

Guan N, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Li Q, Wang Y . Engineered biomaterial strategies for controlling growth factors in tissue engineering. Drug Deliv 2020; 27(1):1438-51.

Limongi T, Rocchi A, Cesca F, Tan H, Miele E, Giugni A, et al. Delivery of brain—derived neurotrophic factor by 3D biocompatible polymeric scaffolds for neural tissue engineering and neuronal regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55(12):8788-98.

Shi ZL, Fan ZY, Zhang H, Li ST, Yuan H, Tong JH . Localized delivery of brain—derived neurotrophic factor from PLGA microspheres promotes peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17(1):172.

Liu C, Li X, Zhao Q, Xie Y, Yao X, Wang M, et al. Nanofibrous bicomponent scaffolds for the dual delivery of NGF and GDNF: controlled release of growth factors and their biological effects. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2021; 32(1):9.

Zhao Y, Xu K, Wu K, Guo Z, Li H, Lin N, et al. The roles of the nerve—immune axis in modulating bone regeneration. Bone Res 2026; 14(1):2.

Linker R, Gold R, Luhder F . Function of neurotrophic factors beyond the nervous system: inflammation and autoimmune demyelination. Crit Rev Immunol 2009; 29(1):43-68.

Loscalzo J . Adaptions to hypoxia and redox stress: essential concepts confounded by misleading terminology. Circ Res 2016; 119(4):511—3.

Chen L, Yang J, Cai Z, Huang Y, Xiao P, Chen H, et al. Mitochondrial—oriented injectable hydrogel microspheres maintain homeostasis of chondrocyte metabolism to promote subcellular therapy in osteoarthritis. Research 2024; 7:0306.

Maduka CV, Schmitter—Sánchez AD, Makela AV, Ural E, Stivers KB, Pope H, et al. Immunometabolic cues recompose and reprogram the microenvironment around implanted biomaterials. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8(10):1308—21.

Chen J, Luo J, Feng J, Wang Y, Lv H, Zhou Y . Spatiotemporal controlled released hydrogels for multi—system regulated bone regeneration. J Control Release 2024; 372:846-61.

Bourne SA . Dynamic frameworks: the role of non—covalent interactions. Acta Crystallogr Sect A Found Adv 2021; 77(a2):C165.

Klosterhoff BS, Vantucci CE, Kaiser J, Ong KG, Wood LB, Weiss JA, et al. Effects of osteogenic ambulatory mechanical stimulation on early stages of BMP—2 mediated bone repair. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63(1):16-27.

Zhu D, Roy S, Liu Z, Weller H, Parak WJ, Feliu N . Remotely controlled opening of delivery vehicles and release of cargo by external triggers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:117—32.

Galloway MT, Lalley AL, Shearn JT . The role of mechanical loading in tendon development, maintenance, injury, and repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95(17):1620—8.

Wallace MP, Moodie EE . Personalizing medicine: a review of adaptive treatment strategies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2014; 23(6):580—5.

Hu J, Liu S, Fan C . Applications of functionally—adapted hydrogels in tendon repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1135090.

Chen R, Chen F, Chen K, Xu J . Advances in the application of hydrogel—based scaffolds for tendon repair. Genes Dis 2024; 11(4):101019.

Xie Y, Guan Q, Guo J, Chen Y, Yin Y, Han X . Hydrogels for exosome delivery in biomedical applications. Gels 2022; 8(6):328.

Akalp U, Bryant SJ, Vernerey FJ . Tuning tissue growth with scaffold degradation in enzyme—sensitive hydrogels: a mathematical model. Soft Matter 2016; 12(36):7505—20.

Gonzalez—Fernandez P, Rodríguez—Nogales C, Jordan O, Allémann E . Combination of mesenchymal stem cells and bioactive molecules in hydrogels for osteoarthritis treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:41-52.

Tan Q, Lui PP, Lee YW . In vivo identity of tendon stem cells and the roles of stem cells in tendon healing. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22(23):3128-40.

Chakrapani G, Vijay Kumar V, Zare M . Next—generation biomaterials: design strategies, clinical translation, and the rise of intelligent therapeutic platforms. ACS Omega 2025; 10(40):46272-93.

Camacho—Chacon JA, Cuenca—Espierrez J, Roda—Rojo V, Martin—Martinez A, Calderon—Meza JM, Alvarez—Alegret R, et al. Bioinductive collagen implants facilitate tendon regeneration in rotator cuff tears. J Exp Orthop 2022; 9(1):53.

Bushnell BD, Connor PM, Harris HW, Ho CP, Trenhaile SW, Abrams JS . Two—year outcomes with a bioinductive collagen implant used in augmentation of arthroscopic repair of full—thickness rotator cuff tears: final results of a prospective multicenter study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31(12):2532-41.

McIntyre LF, McMillan S, Trenhaile SW, Bishai SK, Bushnell BD . Full—thickness rotator cuff tears can be safely treated with a resorbable bioinductive bovine collagen implant: one—year results of a prospective, multicenter registry. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2021; 3(5):e1473-9.

de Andrade ALL, Garcia TA, Brandão HS, Sardeli AV, Mouraria GG, Belangero WD . Benefits of patch augmentation on rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta—analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10(3):23259671211071146.

Avanzi P, Giudici LD, Capone A, Cardoni G, Lunardi G, Foti G, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial for patch augmentation in rotator cuff repair: 24—month outcomes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019; 28(10):1918-27.

Huang C, Zhang X, Luo H, Pan J, Cui W, Cheng B, et al. Effect of kartogenin—loaded gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel scaffold with bone marrow stimulation for enthesis healing in rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30(3):544—53.

Dai X, Dang M, Meng X, Zheng J, Yang Y, Wang L, et al. Porous Se@SiO₂ nanoparticle composite hydrogels loaded with adipose stem cells improves the local microenvironment to promote rotator cuff tendon—bone healing in rats. J Mater Chem B 2025; 13(19):5598-612.

Hao L, Chen J, Shang X, Chen S . Surface modification of the simvastatin factor—loaded silk fibroin promotes the healing of rotator cuff injury through β—catenin signaling. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36(2):210-8.

Cai J, Jiang J, Mo X, Chen S . Effect of silk fibroin/poly(L—lactic acid—co—e—caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffold on tendon—bone healing of rabbits. Chin J Repar Reconstr Surg 2017; 31(8):957-62. Chinese.

Robertson WJ, Hatch JD, Rodeo SA . Evaluation of tendon graft fixation using alpha—BSM calcium phosphate cement. Arthroscopy 2007; 23(10):1087-92.

Wang J, Xu J, Fu W, Cheng W, Chan K, Yung PS, et al. Biodegradable magnesium screws accelerate fibrous tissue mineralization at the tendon—bone insertion in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model of rabbit. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40369.

Egawa T, Inagaki Y, Akahane M, Furukawa A, Inoue K, Ogawa M, et al. Silicate—substituted strontium apatite nano coating improves osteogenesis around artificial ligament. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20(1):396.

Ma P, Chen T, Wu X, Hu Y, Huang K, Wang Y, et al. Effects of bioactive strontium—substituted hydroxyapatite on osseointegration of polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9(33):6600—13.

Ma J, Yu H, Zhang X, Xu Z, Hu H, Liu J, et al. Dual—targeted metal ion network hydrogel scaffold for promoting the integrated repair of tendon—bone interfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16(5):5582-97.

Huang YM, Huang CC, Tsai PI, Yang KY, Huang SI, Shen HH, et al. Three—dimensional printed porous titanium screw with bioactive surface modification for bone—tendon healing: a rabbit animal model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(10):3628.

Tucker JJ, Gordon JA, Zanes RC, Zuskov A, Vinciguerra JD, Bloebaum RD, et al. P2 porous titanium implants improve tendon healing in an acute rat supraspinatus repair model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017; 26(3):529—35.

Ryu K, Saito M, Kurosaka D, Kitasato S, Omori T, Hayashi H, et al. Enhancement of tendon—bone interface healing and graft maturation with cylindrical titanium—web (TW) in a miniature swine anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model: histological and collagen—based analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21(1):198.

Han F, Zhang P, Chen T, Lin C, Wen X, Zhao P . A LbL—assembled bioactive coating modified nanofibrous membrane for rapid tendon—bone healing in ACL reconstruction. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9159—72.

Kang Z, Li D, Shu C, Du J, Yu B, Qian Z, et al. Polydopamine coating—mediated immobilization of BMP—2 on polyethylene terephthalate—based artificial ligaments for enhanced bioactivity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:749221.

Yea JH, Bae TS, Kim BJ, Cho YW, Jo CH . Regeneration of the rotator cuff tendon—to—bone interface using umbilical cord—derived mesenchymal stem cells and gradient extracellular matrix scaffolds from adipose tissue in a rat model. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:104-16.

Ren Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Jacobson DS, Reisdorf RL, Kuroiwa T, et al. Effects of purified exosome product on rotator cuff tendon—bone healing in vitro and in vivo . Biomaterials 2021; 276:121019.

Cai J, Xu J, Ye Z, Wang L, Zheng T, Zhang T, et al. Exosomes derived from kartogenin—preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells promote cartilage formation and collagen maturation for enthesis regeneration in a rat model of chronic rotator cuff tear. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51(5):1267-76.

Li M, Shi L, Chen X, Yi D, Ding Y, Chen J, et al. In—situ gelation of fibrin gel encapsulating platelet—rich plasma—derived exosomes promotes rotator cuff healing. Commun Biol 2024; 7(1):205.

Cai YZ, Zhang C, Lin XJ . Efficacy of platelet—rich plasma in arthroscopic repair of full—thickness rotator cuff tears: a meta—analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24(12):1852-9.

Gong H, Huang B, Zheng Z, Fu L, Chen L . Clinical use of platelet—rich plasma to promote tendon—bone healing and graft maturation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a randomized controlled study. Indian J Orthop 2022; 56(5):805-11.

Jo CH, Kim JE, Yoon KS, Lee JH, Kang SB, Lee JH, et al. Does platelet—rich plasma accelerate recovery after rotator cuff repair? A prospective cohort study. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39(10):2082-90.

Peng Y, Diao L, Wang J, Wang G, Jia S, Zheng C . Effect of platelet—rich plasma at different initiation times on healing of the bone—tendon interface of the rotator cuff in a mouse model. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12(2):23259671231219812.

Ren S, Zhu Q, Yang Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Bian H, et al. Exploring the potential mechanism of the active components of Rhizoma Coptidis in tendinopathy treatment applying network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis. Curr Pharm Anal 2025; 21(7):337-48.

Gomez—Collignon A, Brown R, Carr A, Dakin S, Lach A, Loizou C, et al. Single cell multi—omics characterise discrete human tendon cells populations that persist in vitro and on fibrous scaffolds. Eur Cell Mater 2022; 44:1-20.

Salthouse D, Novakovic K, Hilkens CMU, Ferreira AM . Interplay between biomaterials and the immune system: challenges and opportunities in regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:1-18.

Franz S, Rammelt S, Scharnweber D, Simon JC . Immune responses to implants—a review of the implications for the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011; 32(28):6692-709.

Lin J, Zhou W, Han S, Bunpetch V, Zhao K, Liu C, et al. Cell—material interactions in tendon tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 70:1-11.

Man K, Jiang LH, Foster R, Yang XB . Immunological responses to total hip arthroplasty. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8(3):33.

Vi L, Baht GS, Whetstone H, Ng A, Wei Q, Poon R, et al. Macrophages promote osteoblastic differentiation in—vivo: implications in fracture repair and bone homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30(6):1090-102.

Feng X, Luo Z, Zhang W, Wan R, Chen Y, Li F, et al. Zn‐DHM nanozymes enhance muscle regeneration through ROS scavenging and macrophage polarization in volumetric muscle loss revealed by single‐cell profiling. Adv Funct Mater 2025;35(35):2506476.

Sanz—Herrera JA, Reina—Romo E . Cell—biomaterial mechanical interaction in the framework of tissue engineering: insights, computational modeling and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12(11):8217-44.

Cobelli NJ, Leong DJ, Sun HB . Exosomes: biology, therapeutic potential, and emerging role in musculoskeletal repair and regeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1410(1):57-67.

He Y, Lu S, Chen W, Yang L, Li F, Zhou P, et al. Exosomes derived from tendon stem/progenitor cells enhance tendon—bone interface healing after rotator cuff repair in a rat model. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:484-502.

Salunkhe S, Dheeraj, Basak M, Chitkara D, Mittal A . Surface functionalization of exosomes for target—specific delivery and in vivo imaging & tracking: strategies and significance. J Control Release 2020; 326:599-614.

Nascimento IJDS, de Aquino TM, da Silva—Júnior EF . The new era of drug discovery: the power of computer—aided drug design (CADD). Lett Drug Des Discov 2022; 19(11):951—5.

Raj GM, Dananjayan S, Gudivada KK . Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical medicine: what lies ahead? Med Adv 2024;2(2):202-4.

Zhou B, Li X, Pan Y, He B, Gao B . Artificial intelligence—assisted next—generation biomaterials: from design and preparation to medical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2025; 255:114970.

Renesme L, Pierro M, Cobey KD, Mital R, Nangle K, Shorr R, et al. Definition and characteristics of mesenchymal stromal cells in preclinical and clinical studies: a scoping review. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11(1):44-54.

Williamson P, Altman D, Blazeby J, Clarke M, Gargon E . Driving up the quality and relevance of research through the use of agreed core outcomes. J Health Serv Res Policy 2012; 17(1):1-2.

Chen H, Wang Z, Zhou L, Wu B, Lu H, Zhang C, et al. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein—4 enhances tendon—to—bone attachment healing in a murine model of rotator cuff tear. Ann Transl Med 2021; 9(7):565.

Xu Z, Li S, Wan L, Hu J, Lu H, Zhang T . Role of low—intensity pulsed ultrasound in regulating macrophage polarization to accelerate tendon—bone interface repair. J Orthop Res 2023; 41(5):919-29.

Golman M, Li X, Skouteris D, Abraham AA, Song L, Abu—Amer Y, et al. Enhanced tendon—to—bone healing via IKKβ inhibition in a rat rotator cuff model. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49(3):780—9.

Mind the technology gap. Nat Methods 2012; 9(4):311.

Bedi A, Fox AJ, Harris PE, Deng XH, Ying L, Warren RF, et al. Diabetes mellitus impairs tendon—bone healing after rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2010; 19(7):978-88.

Nakagawa H, Morihara T, Fujiwara H, Kabuto Y, Sukenari T, Kida Y, et al. Effect of footprint preparation on tendon—to—bone healing: a histologic and biomechanical study in a rat rotator cuff repair model. Arthroscopy 2017; 33(8):1482-92.

Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 2020; 18(7):e3000410.

Lui PP, Lee YW, Mok TY, Cheuk YC . Peri—tunnel bone loss: does it affect early tendon graft to bone tunnel healing after ACL reconstruction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23(3):740-51.

Leung KS, Chong WS, Chow DH, Zhang P, Cheung WH, Wong MW, et al. A comparative study on the biomechanical and histological properties of bone—to—bone, bone—to—tendon, and tendon—to—tendon healing: an Achilles tendon—calcaneus model in goats. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43(6):1413-21.

Gao S, Hu C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Tang K . Comparison of cortical versus cancellous bone fixation in tendon—to—bone healing with a rat trans—calcaneal suture model for Achilles tendon sleeve avulsion. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18(1):15.

Zhang F, Hughes C . Reporting standards for clinical and translational research. Glob Clin Transl Res 2019; 1(2):69-73.

Cao Y, Yang S, Zhao D, Li Y, Cheong SS, Han D, et al. Three—dimensional printed multiphasic scaffolds with stratified cell—laden gelatin methacrylate hydrogels for biomimetic tendon—to—bone interface engineering. J Orthop Translat 2020; 23:89-100.

Yadav K, Nikalje GC . Comprehensive analysis of bioplastics: life cycle assessment, waste management, biodiversity impact, and sustainable mitigation strategies. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18013.

Tabone MD, Cregg JJ, Beckman EJ, Landis AE . Sustainability metrics: life cycle assessment and green design in polymers. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44(21):8264-9.

Raitio A, Saarinen AJ, Sinikumpu JJ, Helenius I . Biodegradable biomaterials in orthopedic surgery: a narrative review of the current evidence. Scand J Surg 2024; 113(1):62-70.