Recent Advances in Clinical Neuromodulation for Brain Disorders

Xiuyun Liu; Yongqi Du; Quan Guo; Shengzhe Li; Wenlong Wang; Rui Peng; Ziyao Zhao; Xin Song; Hui Zhi; Haodong Li; Yulin Sun; Abi Yasi; Junjun Fang; Tao Liu; Jiande Guo; Yuning Zhen; Mengqi He; Nan Su; Ziang Zhou; Guoqiang Xing; Xizi Song; Meijun Pang; Kuo Zhang; Runnan He; Chenglong Li; Haofan Liu; Dong Ming

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.10.011

Engineering ›› :202610011 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2026.10.011

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Recent Advances in Clinical Neuromodulation for Brain Disorders

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Abstract

Brain disorders are recognized as dynamic processes driven by molecular and cellular abnormalities, neuronal circuit disturbances, and disrupted brain–body interactions. Compared with traditional drugs, neuromodulation offers circuit-level precision, reversibility, minimal systemic side effects, and durable neuroplasticity-driven benefits, making it the preferred strategy for drug-resistant brain disorders. Advances at the intersection of biomedical engineering, artificial intelligence (AI), electronics, and material science are reshaping clinical neuromodulation techniques. In this review, we summarize recent clinical progress in advanced neuromodulation techniques for brain disorders and outline the pathophysiological foundations or stimulation modality alone; instead, they are expected to emerge from system-level platforms capable of interpreting neural states within a multiscale biological context, dynamically adjusting interventions, and continuously optimizing treatments. As major scientific, engineering, and translational barriers are progressively overcome, neuromodulation may evolve into a highly precise, individualized, and durable therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of neurological disorders.

Keywords

Neuromodulation / Neurological dysfunction / Neuro–organ axis / Brain–computer interfaces / Closed-loop neuromodulation

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Xiuyun Liu, Yongqi Du, Quan Guo, Shengzhe Li, Wenlong Wang, Rui Peng, Ziyao Zhao, Xin Song, Hui Zhi, Haodong Li, Yulin Sun, Abi Yasi, Junjun Fang, Tao Liu, Jiande Guo, Yuning Zhen, Mengqi He, Nan Su, Ziang Zhou, Guoqiang Xing, Xizi Song, Meijun Pang, Kuo Zhang, Runnan He, Chenglong Li, Haofan Liu, Dong Ming. Recent Advances in Clinical Neuromodulation for Brain Disorders. Engineering 202610011 DOI:10.1016/j.eng.2026.10.011

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