通过高分辨率对地观测系统、国家民用空间基础设施规划的实施，我国基本建立了陆地、海洋、大气三大系列遥感卫星系统，但也存在重卫星工程、轻数据应用、数据服务不到位等突出问题；对照未来对地观测高质量、高效益、高效率的发展要求，本文采用效能分析的理念和方法开展体系效能型对地观测体系发展战略研究。在研判对地观测卫星系统的国际发展态势、总结我国领域发展现状的基础上，阐述体系效能型对地观测体系的建设需求，剖析我国领域发展面临的挑战，据此提出了以“体系效能”为特征的新一代对地观测体系发展目标、体系构成、重点任务。研究认为，为实现我国遥感卫星应用服务体系与服务能力的现代化，由业务服务型向体系效能型的跨越转变，应基于顶层设计指引，构建天地一体化的感知骨干网、管控数传工具网，实施重大应用示范工程，以“高分天目计划”重大项目为抓手，建强国家型谱化数据源、各类定量应用库、云产业生态平台，以此由卫星工程向卫星应用工程转型升级，构建内涵完整的国家民用空间基础设施。

China has established three series of remote sensing satellite systems for land, ocean, and atmosphere through the establishment of a high-resolution Earth observation system and the implementation of national civil space infrastructure planning. However, the current systems in China neglect data application and data services while emphasizing satellite engineering. Considering the future requirements of Earth observation for high quality, high benefit, and high efficiency, we adopt an effectiveness analysis method to study the Earth observation systems. We clarify the global development trends of Earth observation satellite systems and summarize the current status in China. Based on this, we analyze the demand and challenges for an effectiveness-oriented Earth-observation system and propose the development goals, components, and key tasks of the new-generation Earth-observation system that features system effectiveness. To improve the application service system and capabilities of China’s remote sensing satellites and to transform the orientation from business services to system effectiveness, it is necessary to build a space–ground integrated perception backbone network as well as management and data transmission tool networks based on top-level design with the High Resolution Earth Eye Program as the core, and implement major application demonstration projects. Moreover, national spectral data sources, quantitative application databases, and industrial ecology cloud platforms need to be strengthened, thereby transforming satellite engineering toward satellite application engineering and constructing a complete national civil space infrastructure.