关键金属矿产如稀土、钨、锑、钴、锂、钽等对确保国家经济和国防安全发挥着重要的支撑作用；随着全球对关键金属矿产需求的不断增长以及竞争的加剧，建立完善的关键金属矿产品储备体系以确保供应稳定成为我国维护国家资源安全和产业高质量发展的重要战略任务。本文在明晰关键金属矿产内涵的基础上，梳理了国外关键金属矿产品储备体系的相关政策和发展态势，剖析了我国关键金属矿产品储备体系的发展现状，包括顶层设计、运行机制、储量潜力、储备基地及社会存量等方面。研究认为，我国关键金属矿产品储备体系面临储备规模与资源安全形势不匹配、释储程序规范性较弱、承储企业权责未明晰、风险预警机制有待完善等挑战。进一步满足我国在关键金属矿产领域的战略需求，研究提出了完善关键金属矿产品储备立法、扩大紧缺关键金属矿产品储备规模、完善动态储备体系、建立全国关键金属矿产品监测预警和动态评估机制等优化关键金属矿产品储备体系的发展建议，为提升资源安全与产业链韧性、应对国际市场波动及突发供给风险提供坚实的战略保障。

Critical metal minerals, such as rare earths, tungsten, antimony, cobalt, lithium, and tantalum, play a vital role in safeguarding national economic stability and defense security. With escalating global demand and intensifying competition for these resources, establishing a robust critical metal mineral reserve system has become a priority for China to ensure supply stability, protect resource security, and support high-quality industrial development. This study clarifies the scope of critical metal minerals, reviews reserve policies and operational frameworks of major international players, and analyzes China's current reserve system, covering top-level design, operational mechanisms, reserve potential, storage infrastructure, and civilian stockpiles. Moreover, it identifies key challenges: misalignment of reserve scales with resource security needs, inadequate standardization of reserve release procedures, ambiguous rights and responsibilities of designated reserve enterprises, and underdeveloped risk early-warning mechanisms. To address these gaps, the study proposes strengthening legislative frameworks for critical mineral reserves, expanding stockpiles of supply-constrained metals, optimizing dynamic reserve mechanisms, and establishing a nationwide monitoring, early-warning, and dynamic assessment system. These recommendations ultimately aim to fortify resource security, enhance industrial chain resilience, and provide safeguards against international market volatility and sudden supply disruptions.