深海多金属结核商业开发中海底采集关键技术进展及展望
Key Seabed Collection Technologies for Commercial Exploitation of Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodules: Advances and Prospects
在“双碳”战略与新质生产力驱动下,我国关键金属资源供需矛盾日益凸显,深海多金属结核作为战略接替资源,正处于从试验开采向商业开发的关键阶段。然而,海底采集装备在长周期连续作业、采集效率、复杂环境适应及低扰动控制等方面仍存在一系列技术瓶颈,成为制约深海多金属结核商业化开发的重要因素。本文聚焦深海采矿商业化对海底采集关键技术的新发展需求,围绕履带式海底采矿车,系统梳理了矿车行进理论与方法、矿车作业路径规划、深海矿产高效开采技术、海底扰动机制与低扰动控制4个方面的研究进展;在此基础上,结合商业开发对产能规模、复杂海床适应性、长周期连续运行能力及生态合规性的技术诉求,分析了制约商业化落地的关键技术障碍,并进一步凝练出四大关键技术攻关方向,包括矿区分级评估与长时连续集矿规划方法、矿车长周期连续行走关键技术、复杂海床形貌下连续高效采集技术、土体“胶结 ‒ 解离”机理与低扰动开采技术。本研究旨在梳理深海多金属结核海底采集技术中亟需突破的关键环节,为构建适配商业化需求的自主可控技术体系提供参考,并为我国深海多金属结核的规模化、经济化、环境友好化开发提供技术支撑,对保障国家战略资源安全具有重要现实意义。
Driven by the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals as well as the accelerated development of new quality productive forces, the supply-demand tension of critical metals has become increasingly pronounced. As a strategic successor resource, deep-sea polymetallic nodules are entering a pivotal transition from pilot trials to commercial exploitation. However, seabed collection equipment still faces significant technical bottlenecks in long-duration continuous operation, collection efficiency, adaptability to complex environments, and low-disturbance control, which have become key obstacles restricting the commercial development of deep-sea polymetallic nodules in China. This study focuses on the emerging development needs of key seabed collection technologies for the commercialization of deep-sea mining and, centering on tracked seabed mining vehicles, conducts a systematic review across four core dimensions: mobility theory and methods for mining vehicles, operational path planning, high-efficiency nodule collection technologies, and seabed disturbance mechanisms with low-impact control. Moreover, considering the multiple technical demands of commercial development for production scale, adaptability to complex seabed conditions, long-duration continuous operation, and ecological compliance, the study identifies the key technical obstacles that hinder commercial deployment. Four priority research directions are further proposed: long-duration continuous locomotion technologies for mining vehicles, graded assessment of mining areas with long-duration continuous collection planning, efficient and low-energy continuous harvesting under complex seabed topography, and mechanistic understanding of sediment bonding-disaggregation coupled with low-disturbance mining strategies. This study aims to clarify the core technological targets for deep-sea polymetallic nodule seabed collection and to provide guidance for establishing an independent and controllable technical system tailored to commercial needs, thereby laying the foundation for the large-scale, economically viable, and environmentally responsible development of deep-sea polymetallic nodules in China and offering important practical significance for safeguarding national strategic resource security.
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(A类)(52225107)
国家自然科学基金(U25A6020)
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